Now playing with that 20 questions list, let's turn them into objective concepts:
1. ORIGINAL: A few days ago, we were hearing that the Boston Marathon bombers COULD BE conservative, which proved that the Right is evil. Now, when we know that the terrorists are Muslims, how can the same liberals be saying that it means nothing?
A BETTER QUETION: Is it okay to relate bad acts of Muslims to an extremist religion, to relate bad acts of politicians to a political party, to relate a bad act of an individual to the Tea Party or other religious groups?
ORIGINAL: Strawman fallacy (
we were hearing);
Biased Sample fallacy (
which proved that the Right is evil);
Strawman (
terrorists)
-- the "how can" phrase is inoperative since it's already strawmanically fallacious. Further, "conservative" and "Muslim" are not opposites or mutually exclusive.
None of these political demagoguery labels have anything to do with "Liberalism". That's just specious flailing in the rhetorical dark.
REVISION: Absolutely valid question -- but it relates to the fallacy of Guilt by Association, not to philosophies of government. We agree this question is bullshit.
============================
2) ORIGINAL: If you believe we have a "right" to things like health care, food, shelter and a good education, then doesn't that also mean you believe we also have a right to force other people to unwillingly provide those things at gunpoint?
A BETTER QUESTION: How do you justify a government having the ability to force one citizen to support another and how do you draw the line on what government can force a citizen to do?
ORIGINAL: Does not follow; non sequitur.
While the premise may be Liberal (right to health care etc), "forcing" isn't. And "gunpoint" is naught but puerile Appeal to Emotion. Demonstrates the writer's paucity of basis.
REVISION: Far better. First part invokes the public works question, which the blogger could have incorporated into this list but got to swimming in his ad hominemiacal soup so much he musta forgot. Second part is right on point and would have been a far better wording.
3) ORIGINAL: How can you simultaneously want a big government that will make decisions that have an enormous impact on the lives of every American while also saying that the character and morals of our politicians don't matter?
A BETTER QUESTON: Does character and do morals matter when electing those who will have ability to make decisions that profoundly affect our lives
?
ORIGINAL: Non sequitur again. Neither the size of government nor the character of politicians are Liberal concerns. Further, "how can you... while also" is a strawman. A double.
REVISION: Again, "character and morals" are not part of political discussion. These are if anything religious/social issues. Valid question, but not related to political philosophies. Here we inch toward this grand fallacy that "liberal" and "conservative" and "right" and "left" each carry their own character traits, which is malarkey contrived by demonizationaries. We'll continue to reject that for the malarkey it is.
4) ORIGINAL: What exactly is the "fair share" of someone's income that he’s earned that he should be able to keep?
This one is okay as is.
ORIGINAL: Here's a direct invocation of your observation "nobody but a dedicated economist doing intense research could even ballpark competently, much less answer with any degree of accuracy". A question of degree, ergo policy, not philosophy.
Liberalism doesn't establish this degree; real world circumstances do. This one's a non-argument.
REVISION: ?? Duality again?
5) ORIGINAL: Why is it that time and time again, revenue paid to the treasury has GONE UP after we've cut taxes?
This one is okay as is.
Economics/history question. Nothing to do with Liberalism. See #4 above.
6) ORIGINAL: Are you pro-choice or pro-abortion? If it's pro-choice, do you feel people should be able to choose to have an assault weapon, what kind of light bulb they use in their house or whether they'd like to put their Social Security funds into a private retirement account?
This one is okay as is.
Agreed

- this is the only entry on the entire list that relates to Liberalism, since it finally addresses what the
reach of government should be, which for Liberalism would be minimal.
Strange leading wording here though ("pro-choice or pro-abortion") - ??
7) ORIGINAL: If corporations are so awful, greedy and bad for the country, then shouldn't we be celebrating when they decide to close their plants here and move overseas?
I don't really like how this one is worded, but it basically is okay as is.
ORIGINAL: Strawman (if... so awful). And fatally oversimplified. It actually solicits emotional reaction rather than a rational point. This cannot be read seriously. It reads more like a marital squabble the neighbors in the next apartment are having than rational argument.
REVISION: you're right on the wording but it's unsalvageable.
8) ORIGINAL: How can liberal economists like Paul Krugman be right when they claim that our economy isn't doing well because we aren't spending enough money when we're already running massive, unsustainable deficits and spending is going up every year?
A BETTER QUESTION: Is government spending or government austerity the better choice to bring down a runaway deficit and national debt?
ORIGINAL: Economics question
and biased sample. Krugman, if he be a Liberal (and absent any justification we're forced to accept the premise in order to continue), or any other single person, does not and can not by his words or actions represent Liberalism. That's a fallacy of Composition. See also the "nobody but a dedicated economist" critique in 3 and 4.
REVISION: Much better, though since either course describes government action, not really related here. The question that would relate to Liberalism might better be, "what powers should government have to control the economy?" But the degree to which it can act this way or that way is back to an economics issue.
9) ORIGINAL: If Republicans don’t care about the poor, why do studies consistently show that they give more to charity than Democrats do?
A BETTER QUESTION: Who is more charitable? Those who want government to give more to the poor or those who voluntarily give more out of their own pockets?
ORIGINAL: Instant strawman at the start. Moreover, "Republicans" and "Democrats" are irrelevant to the term
Liberal, with which neither is mutually exclusive. And "who gives how much to charity", number one cannot be determined on the basis of political party, and number two, is completely irrelevant. Red Herring.
REVISION: Getting now into questions of individual character, which is unrelated to political philosophy.
10) ORIGINAL: Give us a ballpark estimate: If something doesn't change dramatically, how long do you think it will be until we have an economic crash in this country similar to the one we're seeing in Greece or Cyprus?
A BETTER QUESTION: Can a nation continue to add trillions to the national debt each year and remain solvent?
Number four in our exciting series of "nobody but a dedicated economist" bullshit questions, apparently having no point at all since any answer ventured could not answer anything about Liberalism. Ignorance-based once again.
REVISION: Better and valid question, but an economics one, not philosophical.
11) Since we "all agree" with the idea that our level of deficit spending is "unsustainable," what would be wrong with permanently freezing federal spending at the current level until we balance the budget by increasing revenue, cutting spending or some combination thereof?
I would have worded it somewhat differently, but in concept this one is okay as is.
"Nobody but a dedicated economist" entry number five. This is a question of economic policies and the machinations of budget. Nothing to do with Liberalism.
12) ORIGINAL: If we change God's definition of marriage to make gay marriage legal, then what's the logical argument against polygamy or even adult siblings supposed to be?
This one is okay as is.
"God" is irrelevant to the law, not to mention its definition of marriage or anything else is hopelessly subjective hearsay, since (s)he has never been known even to exist, let alone speak. The Strawman assumes we have such original definition in the first place, which we will now "change", loading the question. The premise is thus inoperative, and the conclusion tries to compare apples to oranges {a: if we change God's law; b: what is the logical argument}
The arguments for or against polygamy are in the domain of religion; the question of relatives may be one of public health.
REVISION: uh- really?
13) ORIGINAL: In a world where people can easily change states and can, with a bit more difficulty, permanently move to other roughly comparable parts of the globe, do you really think it's feasible over the long haul to have a tax system where 86% of the income taxes are paid by the top 25% of the income earners?
A BETTER QUESTION: What is the best argument against having the same percentage of taxation applied to all income?
ORIGINAL: Economics question. Not philosophical. Number six in the parade of "nobody but a dedicated economist" decorative mugs. Collect the whole set.
Also as constructed, a fallacy of omission (argument from ignorance), implying that the figures given (if they're even reliable) are the
only factors that need be considered.
REVISION: Far far better question, and deserving. But again, gets to the nuts and bolts of economic policy. We could hash this one out and then argue which of the resulting proposals would be more "Liberal".
14) ORIGINAL: If you win a lawsuit that's filed against you, why should you have to pay huge legal bills when you did nothing wrong while the person who filed the suit pays no penalty for wrongly accusing you?
This one is okay as is.
I have no clue what in the wide world of sports this one has to do with Liberalism. Or politics. This one's a complete head-scratcher.
It's a fair question on its own, but it crashed the gate here.
15) ORIGINAL: How can you oppose putting murderers to death and be fine with killing innocent children via abortion?
A BETTER QUESTION: Is it irrational to support the death penalty but oppose abortion? Conversely is it irrational to oppose the death penalty and support abortion?
ORIGINAL: Moral question, except to the extent the State is involved. That would include capital punishment, but "rectitude" remains a moral/religious question. The only relevance to Liberalism is the question "does the State have the right (philosophically) to execute".
Moreover, it's a loaded question ("innocent children") -- a definition (child vs. fetus) that isn't mutually agreed upon, and hasn't been traditionally agreed upon, including by the Church itself.
REVISION: Better and worthy question, but it's about moral principles, not what powers a State may use.
16) ORIGINAL: A minimum wage raises salaries for some workers at the cost of putting other workers out of jobs entirely. What's the acceptable ratio for that? For every 10 people who get a higher salary, how many are you willing to see lose their jobs?
A BETTER QUESTION: If it is shown that a higher minimum wage shuts many teenagers and lower skilled workers out of the job market altogether, would you support a higher minimum wage? Why or why not?
Strawman premise in first sentence: we don't know that's true. From this tenuous launchpad erupts once again, an economics question. Determining a number cannot be a "Liberal" undertaking. We're up to at least the seventh "nobody but a dedicated economist" canard, nearly half the entire list.
REVISION: Crucial improvement adding the word
If 
Still a question of economic policy but far better expressed.
17) ORIGINAL: The earth has been warming and cooling for thousands of years with temperature drops and increases that are much larger than the ones we've seen over the last century. Since we can't adequately explain or model those changes, what makes us think we can say with any sort of confidence that global warming is being caused by man?
A BETTER QUESTION: Do you trust your own government and/or the world community sufficiently to hand over your choices, options, opportunities, and personal liberties for them to manage on your belief that this is necessary to combat global warming? Why or why not
?
ORIGINAL: Nothing to do with Liberalism; this is a science question. And again, any possible answer ventured would have nothing to do with "Liberal" or "Conservative".
REVISION: Although unrelated to the original, this is far better worded. Rather than "do you trust" (which is emotional) it should read "what powers should the government have to..." and then we have a question on Liberalism, which also invokes public health -- like public works, a topic that was not raised here.
18) ORIGINAL: We live in a world where people have more choices than ever before in music, entertainment, careers, news sources and what to do with their time. Shouldn't government mirror that trend by moving towards federalism and states’ rights instead of centralizing more and more power in Washington, DC?
A BETTER QUESTION: What is in our best interest: more centralized power in Washington or more power returned/given to the states and local communities? Explain your answer.
ORIGINAL: I'd call this a loaded strawman right at the start ("more choices"); then it moves on to a non sequitur. What do choices, real or imagined, have to do with government centralisation? Nothing.
That said, less power in government generally, would be the Liberal ideal.
I had one of our less brilliant posters in here doggedly (I think it was Rottweiler) trying to tell me that "liberal" referred to the
size of government. As if there were some fifty-yard-line above which we have Liberalism and below which we have... well, he didn't say. Seriously. That's the depth of ignorance we have here.
REVISION: Excellent question for the actual topic. Unrelated to the original -- as it should be.
19) ORIGINAL: If people in the middle class aren't willing to pay enough in taxes to cover the government services that they use because they don't think it's worth the money, shouldn't we prune back government to a level people do feel comfortable paying for in taxes?
A BETTER QUESTION: Should government be limited to what the people are willing and able to pay for?
ORIGINAL: Actually this one's not bad, even though it presents an if...then (fairly this time) that cannot be measured. The flaw being that Liberalism (or any other philosophy) wouldn't hang its hat on the question of whether some segment of the population "aren't willing". That's not a political philosophy question - it's pragmatism.
REVISION: Much better.
20) ORIGINAL: If firms can get by with paying women 72 cents on the dollar for the same quality of work as men, then why don't we see any firms with all female labor forces using those lower costs to dominate the marketplace?
A BETTER QUESTION: What is a fair wage and how is it determined?
ORIGINAL: Because like #7, of which this is a wan restatement, it ignores myriad other factors including social standards. Also a fallacy of omission (argument from ignorance) in the phrase "why don't we see". Somewhere Bertrand Russell is laughing maniacally over his teapot.
REVISION: Infinitely better.
Thanks for putting the time into this Foxy. I'm aware it wasn't your list to justify but I thought the points were ample food for thought. Not so much for the issues they raised (and more often failed to raise) but for the way they exemplify what we're talking about in our various definitions of
Liberal: arguments from ignorance, hasty generalizations, fallacies of composition, strawmen, and especially, appeals to emotion. Although clearly these are not your inventions and you know better, when you speak of "definitions as popularly employed", I'm afraid the composition of this list DOES reflect that flawed definition. And that's why I'm here to fix it.
Perfect example came in while this post was under construction:
To actually answer this question of the thread it is easy to learn why people hate liberals. All you have to do is look at the president. He is a lying deceitful egotistical ass.
One can see that deep,
deep rumination went into the making of one's case here. My head swims in ponderation. And if it really needs to be spelled out, considering monstrosities like NSA domestic surveillance and the mandated universal purchase of health insurance, Barack O'bama ain't no Liberal.