In Judaism, the idea of God as a
duality or trinity is heretical — it is even considered by some
polytheistic.According to Judaic beliefs, the
Torah rules out a trinitarian God in
Deuteronomy (6:4): "Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one."
To the question, Was Jesus God or man?, the Christians therefore answered: both. After 70 CE, their answer was unanimous and increasingly emphatic. This made a complete breach with Judaism inevitable.
Judaism teaches that it is heretical for any man to claim to be God, part of God, or the literal son of God. The
Jerusalem Talmud (
Ta'anit 2:1) states explicitly: "if a man claims to be God, he is a liar."
In the 12th century, the preeminent Jewish scholar
Maimonides codified core principles of Judaism, writing "[God], the Cause of all, is one. This does not mean one as in one of a pair, nor one like a species (which encompasses many individuals), nor one as in an object that is made up of many elements, nor as a single simple object that is infinitely divisible. Rather, God is a unity unlike any other possible unity."
Judaism's idea of the messiah differs substantially from the Christian idea of the Messiah. In Judaism, the messiah's task is to bring in the Messianic Age, a one-time event, and a
presumed messiah who is killed before completing the task (i.e., compelling all of Israel to walk in the way of Torah, repairing the breaches in observance, fighting the wars of God, building the Temple in its place, gathering in the dispersed exiles of Israel) is not the messiah.
But if he did not succeed in all this or was killed, he is definitely not the Moshiach promised in the Torah... and God only appointed him in order to test the masses.
Jews believe that the messiah will fulfill the messianic prophecies of the prophets
Isaiah and
Ezekiel. According to Isaiah, the messiah will be a paternal descendant of King David. He is expected to return the Jews to their homeland and
rebuild the Temple, reign as King, and usher in an
era of peace and understanding where "the knowledge of God" fills the earth, leading the nations to "end up recognizing the wrongs they did Israel". Ezekiel states the messiah will redeem the Jews.
Therefore, any Judaic view of Jesus
per se is influenced by the fact that Jesus lived while the
Second Temple was standing, and not while the Jews were exiled. He never reigned as King, and there was no subsequent era of peace or great knowledge. Jesus died without completing or even accomplishing part of any of the messianic tasks, instead promising a
Second Coming. Rather than being redeemed, the Jews were subsequently exiled from Israel. These discrepancies were noted by Jewish scholars who were contemporaries of Jesus, as later pointed out by
Nahmanides, who in 1263 observed that Jesus was rejected as the messiah by the rabbis of his time.
Moreover, Judaism sees Christian claims that Jesus is the textual messiah of the
Hebrew Bible as being based on mistranslations and Jesus did not fulfill the
Jewish Messiah qualifications.