Some coal numbers. This came from someone named Ian Copeland on Quora.
A typical coal-fired plant would have an 85–95% capacity factor. However, let’s assume the plant has a capacity of 500MW and runs at 100% capacity factor - i.e., it produces 4,360,000 MWh per year (500MW x 8,760 hours/year). The Nordjylland Unit 3 in Denmark is the most efficient coal-fired unit in the world with a net electrical efficiency of ~47% (Lower Heating Value basis). However, coal-fired plant fleet efficiencies range from a ~26% in India to 41% in France (normalized to LHV). Let’s assume a reasonably modern design operating at a world class 40% efficiency on a Higher Heating Value basis (~42% LHV basis). This equates to a “Heat Rate” of 9,000kJ/kWh (3,600 kj/kWh / 0.40) or 9 million kJ/MWh (1,000 kWh per MWh). The HHV heating value of coals range from ~16,000 kJ/kg for Lignite to ~33,500 kJ/kg for low volatile bituminous coal (on a LHV basis). Let’s assume the coal the plant uses has an HHV of 30,000 kJ/kg or 30 million kJ/MT. So, to produce 1 MWh we need 300 kg (or 0.3 MT) of coal.
So, with the assumptions we’ve used, to produce 4,360,000 MWh per year from the notional 500 MW power plant, we need 1,308,000,000 kg (or 1.3 million metric tons) of coal. To put this in perspective, a typical modern train coal car holds ~110 MT and this notional plant would need ~11,800 coal cars per year or ~32 per day. Thinking of this in volumetric terms, let’s assume a MT of coal has a volume of 1.5 cubic meters. This means that our notional plant needs 1.9 million cubic meters of coal.
That’s a coal pile 1.9 meters tall covering a square kilometer or a pile 100 meters square rising to a height of 190 meters. You can picture this volume as about two Empire State Buildings or two Shards!
Obviously, this is all dependent on capacity factor and efficiency of the plant and the heat content of the coal the plant uses. The actual amount could be notionally smaller (we assumed pretty close to world class efficiency and high heat content call) to substantially larger. For example, if we assumed that the plant used sub-bituminous coal from the Powder River Basin in Montana/Wyoming (which supplies about 40% of the coal to the US power industry) with an average heat content of ~20,000 kJ/kg the number would increase by 50% to ~1.9 million metric tons.
A quick note on HHV vs LHV - HHV is calculated with the moisture in the coal (or other fuels) being in liquid form while LHV is calculated with moisture being evaporated into vapor form.
So, let's take an average of 1.6 million metric tons of coal. A short ton of bituminous coal is selling for about $100 per the EIA. There are 0.907815 metric tons in one short ton so the plant would use 1,762,473.63 short tons at a cost of $176,247,363.00 A liberal estimate of the cost of purchasing and installing a 3 MW turbine is $4 million. Thus, for the cost of the first year's fuel, we could buy and install 44 wind turbines with a rated capacity of 132 MW. More than enough turbines to replace the plant could be had for less than the cost of 4 years fuel. And, somehow, I don't think they're going to cost $176 million/year in consumables. Nor will they emit the CO2 and pollution or produce the gaping hole in the Earth that mining and burning 1.762 million US tons of coal will produce, year, after, year, after year.