Washington State Wants to Compost Human Remains

[JimBowie1958]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

 

[Harpy Eagle]

What is the big deal? There is nothing in the Bible that this would violate.


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[mdk]

What do you care if people decide this course of action instead of burial or cremation?

 

[Billy_Kinetta]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

Better to go out like a viking.

 

[Harpy Eagle]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

The Bible tells us “from the dust we came, to the dust we will return”


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[JimBowie1958]

What do you care if people decide this course of action instead of burial or cremation?

For the same reason I oppose the use of human manure in fertilizing crops, dude.

It spreads disease that humans are vulnerable to unlike most animal manure.

 

[Rustic]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

 

[JimBowie1958]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

This isnt mandatory, at least not yet.

Soylent Green maybe aright around the corner though, lol.

 

[August West]

Human remains and phosphorous from artillery shells made the poppies in Flanders grow like they never grew before. History and horticulture in one easy lesson. You`re welcome.

 

[BuckToothMoron]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

The Bible tells us “from the dust we came, to the dust we will return”


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With all due respect, quoting a particular religious book as a judge for the correctness of a political action does not hold merit in a country with freedom of religion. I have no issue with how Washington State deals with dead bodies, but we don’t need to create a religious argument to determine if it is just.

 

[mdk]

What do you care if people decide this course of action instead of burial or cremation?

For the same reason I oppose the use of human manure in fertilizing crops, dude.

It spreads disease that humans are vulnerable to unlike most animal manure.

From the article:

Katrina explained how the process works: “(The) body is covered in natural materials, like straw or wood chips, and over the course of about three to seven weeks, thanks to microbial activity, it breaks down into soil.”

During that time, families will be able to visit the facility and, in the end, receive the soil that remains, to use as they choose. “And if they don’t want that soil, we’ll partner with local conservation groups around the Puget Sound region so that that soil will be used to nourish the land here in the state,” said Spade.

As for the cost, the average burial can cost anywhere from $8,000 to $25,000. Cremation can cost up to $6,000. Spade expects Recompose to charge around $5,500.


Washington on track to be first state to allow human composting

Apparently the process is quite safe and your concerns about 'spreading disease' appear to be unfounded. I am still not sure what this has to do with secularism and why you care how other people decided to safely dispose of their remains?​

 

[JimBowie1958]

With all due respect, quoting a particular religious book as a judge for the correctness of a political action does not hold merit in a country with freedom of religion. I have no issue with how Washington State deals with dead bodies, but we don’t need to create a religious argument to determine if it is just.

Yeah, true. This is not a religion thing, it is a disease kind of thing.

 

[Harpy Eagle]

With all due respect, quoting a particular religious book as a judge for the correctness of a political action does not hold merit in a country with freedom of religion. I have no issue with how Washington State deals with dead bodies, but we don’t need to create a religious argument to determine if it is just.

Yeah, true. This is not a religion thing, it is a disease kind of thing.

Then why does you OP speak of secularism gone wild?


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[Harpy Eagle]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

The Bible tells us “from the dust we came, to the dust we will return”


Sent from my iPhone using USMessageBoard.com

With all due respect, quoting a particular religious book as a judge for the correctness of a political action does not hold merit in a country with freedom of religion. I have no issue with how Washington State deals with dead bodies, but we don’t need to create a religious argument to determine if it is just.

If you read the OP, you will find this is being blamed on secularism. That this is a result is secularism gone wild. I was attempting to show it was not a matter of secularism.


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[JimBowie1958]

Apparently the process is quite safe and your concerns about 'spreading disease' appear to be unfounded. I am still not sure what this has to do with secularism and why you care how other people decided to safely dispose of their remains?​

I am not so sure about that.

Occurence and survival of viruses in composted human..., Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Over 130 different types of pathogenic viruses are shed in human faeces (Table 2.1). Based on their pathogenesis, such viruses can be classified as enteropathogenic viruses, for which the gastrointestinal system is the principal site of infection (e.g. astroviruses, caliciviruses and rotaviruses) and non-enteropathogenic viruses, which can occur in the intestinal tract but not in association with gastroenteritis (e.g. most adenoviruses, enteroviruses and hepatitis A/E viruses). Other viruses (e.g. enteric coronaviruses, certain "small round viruses" and "parvovirus-like" agents) have been detected in faeces of patients affected by gastroenteritis, but their pathogenicity has not been proved yet /36/.

Contamination with urine or blood may lead to the occurrence in faeces of other important human pathogenic viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, such viruses are not of particular relevance in relation to composting of human faeces, due to their sporadic occurrence in human faeces, their poor survival in the environment, and their route of transmission (i.e. parenteral). These factors minimize the risks of human exposure to these viruses via the production and usage of composted human faeces.

This chapter describes the most important viral pathogens occurring in human faeces (section 2.2). Particular emphasis was given to review aspects relevant to composting of human faeces, like their occurrence in human faeces (section 2.3), resistance to physical-chemical factors (section 2.4) and infective dose for humans (section 2.5).

[paste:font size="4"]23,38), review articles in scientific journals /37/, websites /39,40/ and WHO documents /41,42/.
​

2.2.1 Adenovirus

Adenoviruses (family Adenoviridae) are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses with an icosahedral shape, a diameter between 80 and 110 nm, and fiber appendages protruding from the vertices of the icosahedral viral capsid. These viruses are unusually stable to physical and chemical agents, and adverse pH conditions. They tolerate a pH range of 5.0-9.5 and temperatures between 4 and 36EC. Heating above 56oC disrupts the virus capsid, causing inactivation. These resistance properties confer to adenoviruses the ability to survive for long periods outside of the host cells. Furthermore, these viruses are among the most persistent in sewage treatment systems.

Adenoviruses are divided into subgroups A-F, with members of the A-E subgroups causing respiratory infections and members of the F sub-group causing enteric infections. Infections are common and affect primarily children. Symptoms of infections and epidemiological patterns vary between sub-groups and even for different species. Although some adenoviruses can cause gastroenteritis in young children (i.e. serotypes 40 and 41) or genital infections (i.e. serotypes 19 and 37), these organisms are most frequently observed to cause respiratory and eye infections. The duration of the illness is generally 7-8 days. The predominant symptoms include fever, throat pain, headache, abdominal pain and conjunctivitis. Asymptomatic infections occur with long-term virus shedding from the respiratory or enteric tracts.

Adenoviruses are endemic worldwide. In temperate regions, they show a seasonal incidence, with highest incidences in the fall, winter and early spring. Transmission generally occurs by the respiratory route (inhalation of aerosols) and sometimes by the faecal-oral route. Transmission by recreational water (e.g. swimming-pools or other recreational waters) has been documented. An infected person can excrete the virus from the respiratory tract. However, the virus can disappear from respiratory secretions after a short time and can be found in faecal specimens, sometimes for extended periods.

2.2.2 Astrovirus

Members of the family Astroviridae are small (26-32 nm of diameter), non-enveloped RNA viruses. The name of this group of viruses derives from their star-like appearance observed by transmission electron microscopy after negative staining. These viruses are resistant to pH 3 and can survive at 60°C for 5 min.

Astroviruses are primarily associated with mild gastroenteritis in infants and young children, although elderly, hospital patients and immunocompromised individuals can also be affected. These viruses display many of the epidemiological and clinical features of rotaviruses, but are not as common and not as virulent. The illness has a normal duration of 2-3 days. Viral shedding may begin a day before symptoms are seen and continue for several days after the diarrhoea has stopped.

Astrovirus infection occurs worldwide and accounts for 2-8% of cases of diarrhoea in infants, second only to rotavirus as a cause of childhood diarrhoea. Like rotaviruses, astrovirus infections occur throughout the year with peaks in the winter months. Person to person spread by the faecal-oral route is the main route of transmission. Outbreaks tend to occur where children are in close contact, as in day-care centres, kindergartens and paediatric wards.

2.2.3 Enteroviruses

Enteroviruses form a genus within the family Picornaviridae, which includes important animal (e.g. foot and mouth disease) and human (e.g. hepatitis A) pathogenic viruses. The genus Enterovirus was traditionally divided into three groups (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses and echoviruses). Enteroviruses are small (22-30 nm), non-enveloped, RNA viruses that are highly resistant to the conditions prevailing in the gut, like acid pH, proteolytic enzymes and bile salts. They are stable at acid pH (3-5) for 1-3 hours.

The clinical syndromes caused by enteroviruses include neurological disease, cardiac and muscular disease, rash, respiratory disease, ocular disease and neonatal disease. For all members of the group, sub-clinical infection is far more common than clinically manifest disease. Certain serotypes are more frequently associated with epidemics involving a specific syndrome. However, the same serotypes may cause different clinical manifestations or produce no symptoms.

The most famous enteroviruses are the Polioviruses, of which there are 3 distinct types. These viruses cause poliomyelitis, an acute infection of the central nervous system, which can result in flaccid paralysis. The disease can have several forms: abortive poliomyelitis, a minor illness with fever, malaise, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation and sore throat, non-paralytic poliomyelitis or aseptic meningitis with the additional symptoms of a stiff neck and back, and paralytic poliomyelitis marked by flaccid paralysis. Non-paralytic illness is short-lived and patients recover without permanent damage. Paralytic disease occurs in about 1% of infections and symptoms may persist for months, with residual paralysis lasting years. Mortality among the paralytic cases varies between 4 and 10% depending on the virulence of the virus, the degree of medical assistance and the age of the patient. Recrudescence of paralysis and muscle wasting sometimes appears decades later in some persons who had paralytic poliomyelitis.

Vaccines against polioviruses have been available since the 1950s and efforts are now in progress to completely eradicate poliomyelitis and their causative viruses from the human population by the year 2005. Such global eradication seems achievable because regional eradication has already been achieved in the Western Hemisphere and Western Europe. However, there are no vaccines against the other enteroviruses.

Children are the prime targets of enteroviruses and serve as a vehicle for their spread. It has been calculated that more than 90% of children living under poor sanitary and socio-economic conditions experience infections with a number of the locally prevalent enteroviruses before they reach the age of 5 years. When infection is delayed to older childhood and adult young life, the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis rises, together with the frequency of the most severe manifestations associated with other enteroviruses.

Almost all enteroviruses can be recovered from the oropharynx and intestine of individuals infected either clinically or sub-clinically. They are generally shed for a month or more in stool of infected individuals. Faecal contamination is the usual source of infections. However, droplets or aerosols from coughing or sneezing also can be a source of direct or indirect contamination for some enteroviruses.

Enteroviruses are found in all parts of the world. Climate is an important factor influencing the circulation and prevalence of these viruses. In tropical and semitropical regions, they are widely distributed throughout the year. In temperate climates, they are rarely present in the winter and are encountered far more commonly during summer and autumn.

Because enteroviruses are shed in faeces and respiratory secretions, and are relatively stable in sewage and water, it is assumed that they are transmitted by faecally contaminated water. Transmission by faecally contaminated water is likely to be one of the main routes for transmission under conditions of poor sanitation and crowding. However, the epidemiological evidence for waterborne transmission is weak despite years of surveillance for these viruses in populations.

2.2.4 Hepatitis A virus

The virus causing hepatitis A (HAV) is a small (27 nm), non-enveloped RNA virus with an icosahedral shape. HAV belongs to the same family of enteroviruses (Picornaviridae) and has similar morphological and biological characteristics to these viruses. HAV was previously classified as enterovirus 72, but it is genetically distinct from enteroviruses and is now in a separate genus called Hepatovirus. HAV is extremely resistant to degradation by environmental conditions, as demonstrated by its occurrence in freshwater, seawater, wastewater, soil, marine sediment and oysters. HAV has been found to be more resistant than some other enteric viruses to biosolids and wastewater treatment processes and to persist for as long as a 6 month in sewage-contaminated groundwater. The virus is highly resistant to heat (70° C for 10 min) and acid treatment (pH 1 for 2 h).

Hepatitis A is an acute self-limited disease accounting for approximately 1.4 millions cases in the world per year. The actual burden of disease is probably much higher due to inadequate recognition and reporting. The predominant symptoms are anorexia, jaundice, nausea and vomiting. The symptoms are highly age dependent, with adults and children over 5 years being markedly more susceptible to jaundice compared with children less than 5 years. Duration and seriousness of the disease varies from 1-2 weeks of mild illness to 6-9 months of severely disabling. Mortality rates for hepatitis A are generally less than 1% and death occurs primarily in older people. HAV can be shed before the onset of symptoms and the shedding can continue up to 3 months after resolution of the symptoms.

HAV infections account for 20-25% of clinically apparent hepatitis cases worldwide. The virus is transmitted by the faecal-oral route, either directly by person-to-person or indirectly by ingestion of contaminated food (e.g. shellfish) and water. HAV can occur both sporadically and epidemically. Epidemics are uncommon in developing countries, where children are infected early in life and adults are generally immune. In developed countries Hepatitis A is still common and often occurs as common source outbreaks due to faecally contaminated food and water. The largest documented outbreak of Hepatitis A resulted in 300,000 cases of illness in Shanghai, China in 1988 and was caused by consumption of faecally contaminated clams.

Although not widely used, an inactivated vaccine against HAV has been available since 1995. Other prevention and control measures based on sanitation and hygiene continue to be the main barriers to transmission.

2.2.5 Hepatitis E virus

The agent causing hepatitis E (HEV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of 32-34 nm. The virus is classified was previously within the family Caliciviridae, but because of genetic and replication differences, it is now unclassified and is likely to be placed in a unique virus family. Compared to HAV, HEV is less stable in harsh environmental conditions like high salt concentration or repeated freeze-thawing. The virus is more susceptible to heat than is HAV.

Hepatitis E has so far been observed almost exclusively in developing countries. Different strains of HEV occur in different parts of the world, with at least 4 main ones: (1) South-East, North and central Asian, Mexico, United States, and Taiwan. Individuals between 15 and 40 years of age are the most frequently affected. The disease closely resembles that described for hepatitis A, although bilirubin levels tend to be higher, and jaundice deeper and more prolonged. The mortality rate is 0.5-3%, but it can be extremely high for pregnant women (10-20%). HEV has been detected in stools 14 days after the onset of jaundice and persists for about 2 weeks. The infection is usually sub-clinical in children. As for hepatitis A, the disease does not progress to chronic hepatitis.

Outbreaks and sporadic cases of HEV have occurred over a large geographic area, most notably in regions with poor sanitation. Outbreaks of hepatitis E are more common in regions with hot climates and are rare in temperate climates. Most HEV outbreaks are due to faecally contaminated drinking water, but food-borne epidemics (raw or uncooked shellfish) have also been reported. Person-to-person transmission appears to be uncommon, perhaps because of the relatively low virus levels in faeces of infected persons.

Epidemic Hepatitis E was first identified in India, and it also occurs in the Middle and Far East, in northern and western Africa, the central Asian Republics of the former Soviet Union, in China and Hong Kong. Both epidemic and sporadic cases of HEV have been reported from southeast and central Asia, the Middle East, northern and western Africa and North America (Mexico). Sporadic cases of Hepatitis E occurring in non-endemic regions have been associated with travel to endemic regions. Recent evidence for the existence of HEV strains in animals (swine, rates, cattle, chickens, etc.) that resemble human HEV strains also raises the possibility of zoonotic transmission as the source of sporadic human cases in non-endemic areas. Experimentally, swine HEV infects primates and human HEV infects swine.

2.2.6 Norwalk virus and other human caliciviruses

The Norwalk virus is the prototype of a group of so-called "small round structured viruses" which are now classified as members of the family Caliciviridae on the basis of their nucleic sequence. Members of the family are non-enveloped contain single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid with cup-shaped surface structures. These viruses are generally associated with gastroenteritis in humans.

The human caliciviruses are genetically diverse. They are divided into three major groups, the Norwalk-Like Viruses (NLVs), which are subdivided into two major subgroups, GI and GII, and the Sapporo Viruses. There is genetic diversity within these groups and several different subgroups have been identified. Caliciviruses are endemic in human populations worldwide and there are distinct genetic subgroups that predominate regionally and over time. Norwalk Virus belongs to the GI group of human caliciviruses and these are no longer prevalent in Europe and North America. The GII NLVs are the predominant epidemic caliciviruses in these regions.

The Norwalk viruses are relatively stable. They can survive at pH 2.7 for 3 h, heat at 60°C for 30 minutes and drying on surfaces. The persistence Norwalk Viruses in water, wastewater and soil is similar to that of some other enteric viruses, such as poliovirus and MS2 (a male-specific RNA bacteriophage of E. coli or colipage). Information on the survival of human caliciviruses in faeces, sewage and other media are limited because these viruses infect only humans and no laboratory hosts, such as cell cultures or experimental animals are available.

The Norwalk group of viruses tends to infect older children and adults. The illness consists of an explosive episode of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal cramps, some times accompanied by headache, sore muscles and low-grade fever. Symptoms are usually last 12-48 hours for Norwalk virus and for 1-3 days for other human caliciviruses. The shedding of viruses declines after the onset of illness but can persist at declining levels for 1 to 2 weeks.

The Sapporo-like caliciviruses cause illness primarily in children and are endemic worldwide. Most children are infected with at least one calicivirus before leaving primary school. Outbreaks occur mainly in nursery schools and kindergartens, but also in day-care centres, orphanages, maternity hospitals and schools.

The Norwalk-like virus group is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in adults worldwide. Approximately 40% of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in adults the USA have been attributed to this virus. Common-source outbreaks frequently occur via faecal contamination of water or food (e.g. shellfish and salads). Outbreaks frequently occur in camps, schools, nursing-homes and cruise ships. Because some caliciviruses of cattle and swine are genetically closely related to human caliciviruses, there is now suspicion that zooonotic transmission is possible and deserves consideration in elucidating the natural history of these viruses.

43/. More recently, an investigation on faecal material stored in pit latrines in Botwsana reported concentrations of enteroviruses from 0.3 to 1.5 PFU per gram, and rotaviruses from 90 to 727 virions per gram /44/.

The concentration of enteric viruses in sewage may be indicative of their occurrence in human faeces collected for composting. Virus concentrations of 5.000 to 28.000 PFU per litre are commonly found in raw sewage /45/. Recent studies have demonstrated that adenoviruses, enteroviruses, HAV and Norwalk virus are common in raw sewage, as they can be detected in samples of 100 ml at frequencies varying between 10 to 100% of samples tested /46,47).

Epidemiological data on the incidence of enteric viruses in the population may be indicative of the occurrence of enteric viruses in human faeces. According to the incidence of human infections (see section 2.2), the distribution of enteric viruses in human faeces should undergo seasonal variations. Adenovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus are more frequent during autumn, winter and early spring, whereas enteroviruses are more common in the summer.

Geographical differences should be also taken into consideration. The HEV virus is likely to occur less frequently in faeces and sewage collected in Europe. However, recent studies have reported HEV detection in sewage in Barcelona, Spain and Washington, DC, which are non-endemic areas. Therefore, the presence of this virus in human wastes is not limited to developing countries. However, the occurrence of HEV and other enteric viruses, such as enteroviruses, HAV and rotaviruses is likely to be higher in developing countries than in industrialized countries due to less coverage of water, sanitation and protection against childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries.

For equal or similar incidences in the human population, viruses faecally excreted at higher numbers and for longer periods are likely to be predominant in faeces collected for composting. HAV is excreted at densities of up to 1010 viral particles per gram and the shedding occur for at least 30 days after the onset of the disease and as long as three months /48-51/. Also rotaviruses are shed at even higher numbers (1010 to 1012 viral particles per gram), sometimes for periods up to one month /52-55/. The Norwalk-like viruses have been estimated to occur at lower densities in faeces (typically 104-106 viral particles per gram) /56/ and the shedding lasts up to two weeks after infection /57,58/. Enteroviruses are generally excreted at densities of 106 infectious units (corresponding to about 108-1010 virus particles) per gram of faeces) and their excretion time is on average 7 weeks /23/.

I was reading up on compost toilets and had no idea that there was so much risk to using compost from human fecal matter.

The human corpse contains the same things.

 

[OnePercenter]

1. It's a deadbeat story.

 

[toomuchtime_]

this is just more secularism gone insane.

Washington State Bill Proposes ‘Composting’ of Human Corpses

Washington State is poised to become the first state in the Union to allow “human composting,” or the “accelerated conversion of human remains to soil.”
Senate Bill 5001, titled “Concerning human remains,” would allow for human composting, also known as “recomposition” in Washington, local KIRO-TV reported.

According to the bill, human remains “means the body of a deceased person, includes the body in any stage of decomposition, and includes postreduction human remains.”

Obviously these people have too much time on their hands.

 

[Care4all]

sounds icky to me...

But it is how we were buried in yesteryear... on the frontier.... heading west... there were no caskets in most cases... simply buried our dead, below the dirt....

I have no problem burying the dead, 6 ft under soil... it's the re-using of such soil as compost that gives me the heebie-jeebies...

I suppose this bill will fail?

 

[toomuchtime_]

sounds icky to me...

But it is how we were buried in yesteryear... on the frontier.... heading west... there were no caskets in most cases... simply buried our dead, below the dirt....

I have no problem burying the dead, 6 ft under soil... it's the re-using of such soil as compost that gives me the heebie-jeebies...

I suppose this bill will fail?

It's Washington state so who knows?

 

[Harpy Eagle]

I am still waiting for the OP to tell us what this has to do with secularism.


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