When that Goldman Sachs Executive quit the company and said he was quitting because they had created a "Toxic & Destructive Culture Motivated by Greed." he was not just talking for the sake of talking.
The fact remains that our Major Banks have been engaged in Destructive Practices in investments because they know that the US and the world will bail them out if their insane derivative BETS to ensure their foolish investments FAIL.
We did it before in the Savings and Loan Crisis when I was a young man and we did it in the last year of the Dubya Administration (Bush Jr.) in 2008. The Big Bankers do not give a damn because no matter what they do, they get their multi Million Dollar Bonuses for turning instant profits with grossly immoral schemes.
I have pointed out the Mortgage Crisis. Most of the Republiscams in that idiotic Rape of the Country (They Scamed our Republic) try to make people think that the bad loans were pushed upon them by the Government in order to get more Blacks and Hispanics (Minorities) into home ownership. That was a blatant lie. The overwhelming Tidal Wave of mortgages that had to be foreclosed on were for Whites (People of European Ethnic Descent).
Why? Simple! In 2003 the banks realized that as long as they could offload the mortgage on somebody else, they could "pretend that the home buyer was a good risk." They would "pretend" because they would not even check to see if the home buyer had a job. They did not do background checks on millions of home buyers. The Banks would write the mortgage and take their INSTANT PROFITS (Points and fees that amounted to thousands of Dollars up front to the bank) and then sell the loan to Fanny and Freddy and have nothing to worry about. They made their instant profit and then additional profit when they sold the loan to Fanny and Freddy and they were free of risk. If they did not do that, they bundled the mortgages and sold them as investments to unsuspecting retirement funds (State Funds, County Funds, City Funds, Corporate Funds) and other investment institutions.
They made certain they had All the profit but None of the risk. Meanwhile their executives were paid Millions in bonuses (Billions in the aggregate!)
Knowing that "All that BAD Paper" in the economy would cause an economic collapse, many of the banks took out derivative bets that the economy was going to collapse, which it did in 2007 - 2008 (The last year and a half of the horribly corrupt Dubya Administration.)
The economic collapse was planned by the Corrupt Big Bankers, many of whom own whole islands in the Caribbean other hide-away locations that they can run away to. They believe that the Corrupt Government Judicial System (CGJS) will not prosecute them for their criminal behavior and multi Trillion Dollar Rape of this country. After all, the system has always had the Rich Bankers and Rich Industrialists and Rich Judges all scratching each others' backs.
A group of economists at the Federal Reserve published a research paper, "Real Estate Investors, the Leverage Cycle,and the Housing Market Crisis.pdf" It is available if you search for the title. They used a unique data set that included credit reporting data and were able to determine that nearly 50% of the home purchases made at the peak of the bubble were second, third and fourth investment properties for flipping. Additionally, it was these flippers that were the first to walk away from mortgages when the housing market peaked. Looking towards short term equity returns, they were were not concerned with interest rates and these loans comprised the larger part of the sub-prime market.
John T Harvey, economist, suggests that the fundamental cause of the business cycles in efficiency that allows us to supply all of our needs with less then full employment. When business opportunities become available, this excess labor is utilized as an over abundance of investors flood the market. With technology bubbles, eventually the market is wrung out with only the top competitors remaining to supply the consumer demand.
In the case of the housing bubble, tens of thousands of individuals entered the vertical market of property investing, including the flippers, real estate agents, mortgage brokers, mortgage providers, mortgage backed security repackages, and finally the providers of security default swaps. The only individuals that had immediate risk were the owners of property at the time of the collapse. These individuals were at the very bottom of the vertical market. At the top of the market was Goldman Sacs, the company guaranteeing the default swaps. Straddles, puts, and a host of financial derivatives have been common. Security default swaps are just an extension of very common financial instruments. The executives that sold the securities were, of course, no longer tied to the sales, having collected their sales bonuses years before the collapse. There were also the mortgage default insurers that were at risk as well.
By the very nature of it's existence and structure, this vertical chain removed the risk from the majority of individuals and most companies. The flippers themselves, having defaulted, simply dropped of their keys and walked away. All other individuals were insulated from the defaults by either no longer being connected, as with mortgage brokers, or being simply an employee of a company, like Goldman Sacks. Mortgage providers were protected by the mortgage default insurance.
What we had was a ballooning of systematic risk that developed, like the systematic risk that providers of flood insurance face. Interconnected by the forces of supply and demand as well as the general health of the economy, when the housing bubble peaked, the defaults began a cascade that propagated through the economic system.
More fundamental to this is the very nature of our monetary system which relies on the credit markets to expand the money supply and the economy. The system cannot differentiate between expansion due to the purchase of capital equipment, the general inflation of prices, or the over inflation of investments whether real or paper. Nor can it differentiate between systematic (systemic) risk or random risk. Every day, tens of thousands of companies invest in expansion, entering into a risky venture. And many fail. But their failures are not connected in any way and are completely random.
Long-Term Capital Management based on the Black-Sholes model, a single company, is an excellent example of systematic risk causing a near collapse of the financial markets. It was not as publicized as the recent bank bailouts because it was the private banks that were convinced to bail out Long-Term Capital Management, rather then the public.
It isn't so much nefarious in nature though there may be an interpretation of negligence and, perhaps, this is what this Goldman Sacs exec took issue too. Still, there is a scale of sociopathy that is part of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
A certain degree of sociopathy is a successful characteristic. Certain careers draw caregiver personalities and certain personalities do not. "Sociopathic" is just the psychology technical term for highly competitive. And in business, "highly competitive" is relative to what is locally normal. What is competitive in one business setting may be cooperative in another.
Even without this factor, we learn, measure, and act based on our immediate surroundings. The middle class and the upper class individual compare their car to the car that their neighbor drives. And each is making the comparison relative to a different level of vehicle. "Better then my neighbors Ford Focus" is relatively the same as "better then my neighbors Prius." Yet, in absolute terms, a Prius is a lot different then a Ford Focus.
And in terms of behavior and learning, "I am only a little more competitive then my colleague" is a relative measure that, in absolute terms is quite different between the Enron exec that is happy to steal from "Grandma Millie" and the food bank volunteer that puts a few of the better goods away to take home.
Are they "grossly immoral schemes"? "insane derivative"? I don't see it as that nefarious. It's just ordinary, vanilla financial business with no reason for consideration of the systematic risk. It may very well be interpreted as a certain level of denial.
Is it that they did not do background checks on millions of home buyers? Indeed, as millions of mortgage brokers and real estate agents put buyers together with financing, indeed they may not have. Even so, it is apparent that even doing so didn't matter, they were all sub-prime, high interest loans with customers that had demonstrated the capacity to renovate and resell the property in a market that had a measurable history of stability.
Is it a "Toxic & Destructive Culture Motivated by Greed"? Or is it simply competitiveness in a competitive business, in a competative labor market with an oversupply of labor?
The shame of it that it was caused by a systematic risk built up by millions if ordinary, vanilla transactions. This is the most nefarious part of it, that in the individual details, there is no real evil to point to, not when examined up close and personal. It's like the collapse of the markets in the Great Depression when tens of thousands of hard working farmers all did the right thing, increasing productivity and lowering prices in the face of a market that had falling prices. All to often, it is the unidentifiable development of systematic risk as millions of ordinary human beings do exactly what we expect ordinary human beings to do.
There is a saying about the straw that broke the camel's back. Perhaps this is a good analogy.