To simplistic ... there's not a single regulator of the Earth's air temperature ... the oceans are a great moderator, moving everything towards equilibrium ... but there's more important regulators in the climate system ... continent positions for example ... any climatologist who says there's no unknown factors is a liar ...
There's a thread pinned to the top of this forum that has all the information about radiative physics you could possible want ... or need ... the way you used the term "UV radiation" seems like you're not clear about blackbody radiation ... billions of years is just baffling ... AGW conjecture has the entire visible spectrum of light penetrating the atmosphere ... this might surprise you, but rocks and water in sunlight both heat up ... and for
exactly the same reasons ... anyway, UV is laughably trivial in regard to temperatures, both with rocks and water ...
Water vapor is the dominant GHG in our atmosphere, by orders of magnitude, and it doesn't increase the temperature of the globe, it prevents the heat from escaping back into space. It acts as a blanket, but not an electric one.
[Emphasis mine]
If the energy doesn't escape into space, then it sure as hell is going to raise the temperature of the plant ... geology doesn't conserve energy? ... how odd ...
It's a felony in atmospheric science to break the laws of thermodynamics ... just saying ...
UV light is the only light that can penetrate that deeply into the oceans. It is that energy from the Sun, deposited over billions of years that has heated the oceans.
You mention thermodynamics. Good. Explain how energy striking the Earth can be increased, WITHOUT WORK BEING ADDED.
100 units of energy arrive from the Sun. What mechanism causes that 100 units to become 105?
How do you reconcile that energy increase when the atmosphere isn't actually producing energy?
Answering out of order, taking the simple ones first and then try to figure out what you mean on the others ...
First off, and on average, roughly 30% of the energy striking the Earth is simply reflected back out into space ... albedo ... the remaining energy is absorbed and performs work ... under the equal partition law, if work can be performed with this energy, then it will, proportional to the forces at play ... adding energy (less reflection)
requires more work to be performed ... higher temps, more evaporation, more energy re-emitted back into space ...
I hope you mean 100 joules of energy ... because 100 pair-instability supernova units would vaporize everything within 20 lightyears ... any mechanism that itself produces 5 J of energy ...
The Earth receives 1.73 x 10^17 joules of energy every second from the Sun ... and the Earth is close enough to an ideal blackbody that we can say she emits 1.73 x 10^17 joules of energy every second back out into space ... energy in = energy out ... as you remember (I hope), work performed requires the passage of time, at any instance, some of this energy is "trapped" on the surface of Earth ... thus some of this solar energy is kept as temperature on the surface ... Stefen-Boltzmann's Law states that this temperature is proportional to the fourth root of power input ... T^4 = oI
[where T=temperature, o = Stefen-Boltzmann constant and I = input flux] ... this is at the surface mind you, and remember that the vast majority of solar energy is at wavelengths where the atmosphere is transparent ... unfortunately, the wavelengths the Earth emits back out into space are not transparent in the atmosphere ... thus more time to perform the work of atmospheric gases absorbing and re-emitting this energy ... thus more time that this energy spends on Earth ... and the higher temperature ... basic astrophysics ...
Theoretically ... the more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the slower the outbound energy flows, and (by SB) temperatures increase ... || ... there's a number of us here on USMB who have been looking for a demonstration of this effect, alas we've come up empty ... it appears no one has even tried ... I invite you to search yourself, you claim that you're quite familiar with scientific literature, perhaps you'll have better luck than the rest of us ...
Back to the nonsense at the top ... most UV is used to disassociate oxygen molecules in the top 1% of the atmosphere ... what little gets through will be disassociating oxygen all the way down before it reaches the Earth's surface ... this tiny bit of energy will be disassociating water molecule once it passed into the oceans ... what few quanta of energy makes it to 500 meters below will, what?, increase temperatures there ... [raises eyebrows] ... well that also increases the water's buoyancy there ... and water with higher buoyancy than it's surrounding environment will rise in the water column ... moving the energy towards the surface ... think 2nd Law of TD ... so, unless you have some magical third force of nature holding the water in place, the energy deposited at 500 meters below the surface will reach the surface and re-radiate/evaporate water/increase temperature ... and within years or decades ... not "billions of years" ... Lord Almighty, it only takes a brief 200 million years to recycle the ocean floor ...
Nor, will I ever. But explain to me why Feynman, I am sure you know who he was, wouldn't be able to render an opinion on climatology.
He's dead ...
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My turn:
1] Any climatologist would be able to answer this straight off the top of their head ... Why is there a cusp in the psuedo-adibatic lapse rate? ...
2] What causes cyclonic motion? ... no, it's not fictitious forces ... try again ...