There is another key item of evidence from the primary sources that needs to be discussed: the fact that the rest of Nanking outside the Nanking Safety Zone was “practically deserted.” We learn this from none other than the 1938 book
What War Means: The Japanese Terror in China, compiled by Harold Timperley. Timperley was ardently anti-Japanese and was on the Chinese Nationalist payroll, so no one would accuse him of pulling punches. Timperley’s contributors included members of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, such as Rev. Bates and John Rabe. In his section in Timperley’s book, Bates specified that the incidents under discussion occurred in the Nanking Safety Zone and that the rest of the city was “practically deserted” until the end of January:
It is to be noted that the incidents thus recorded cover only the Nanking Safety Zone, and that the rest of Nanking was practically deserted until the end of January and most of the time was without foreign observers during this whole period. (What War Means, p. 138)
This is a vital point for a number of reasons. If the rest of Nanking outside the Safety Zone was virtually deserted, this is another devastating blow to the attempt to inflate Nanking’s December 1937 population to 500K-600K, a number that no primary source supports. Every single primary source puts Nanking’s December 1937 population at around 200,000, except for John Rabe, who revised his number to 250K-300K. But, obviously, even his revised number destroys the 300,000-dead figure.
Some additional points:
-- Regarding JoeB131’s sleazy claim that Dr. Smythe did not care about determining how many Chinese had actually been killed by the Japanese in Nanking, it should be noted again that during the massacre, Dr. Smythe wrote protests to the Japanese Embassy in which he recounted cases of murder and rape by Japanese soldiers and urged the Japanese ambassador to get the army to stop such incidents. Dr. Minoru Kitomura, a professor of history at Ritsumeikan University who specializes in Chinese history, discusses some interesting facts about Smythe’s survey:
It should also be mentioned that, once the occupation of the city had settled down, the Japanese military approved a request by Dr. Lewis Smythe, a professor of sociology at the University of Nanking, to conduct a survey of the casualties and physical damage caused by the Battle of Nanking. Smythe then undertook a sampling survey of Nanjing and the surrounding six counties (xian) over a three-month period from March to June 1938 with the aid of Chinese assistants. The result was: Lewis Smythe, War Damage in the Nanking Area, December 1937 to March 1938: Urban and Rural Surveys. This report will be discussed later in this paper, but, significantly, it does not make any mention of a massive slaughter of 300,000 people in Nanjing. . . .
Smythe’s War Damage in the Nanking Area, December 1937 to March 1938, previously introduced, is based on a Westerner’s surveys made immediately after the Japanese military’s occupation of Nanjing.
Smythe worked as secretary for the International Committee and helped protect refugees alongside Rabe, the committee’s German member. As mentioned earlier, Smythe’s report was published with the intent of accusing the Japanese military of barbarism. Considering that only six months passed between the conclusion of the surveys the report was based on and its publication, and the level of organization apparent in the publication of both Shanghai and Nanjing editions, it is apparent that the Kuomintang’s International Propaganda Department was waiting and ready for the report. Whatever the report’s background, however, Smythe was a university professor of sociology and he wrote a solid report certainly so as to maintain his self-respect as a researcher. . . .
Smythe’s survey of casualties within the city was carried out from March 9 to April 2, 1938 as a survey of families. A supplemental survey was performed from April 19 to the 23rd. . . .
Smythe was a professional scholar with previous experience participating in a survey of flood damage in the area surrounding Nanjing. In the report’s forward, Bates, a historian at the University of Nanking, wrote that “the accomplishment of the present surveys is largely dependent upon the unusual abilities and energies of Dr. Smythe,” thereby explicitly supporting the report’s findings. (What the Nanking Massacre Means, Japan Policy Institute, 2010, pp. 14, 24-25)
It is worth repeating that neither the Nanking Military Tribunal (NMT) nor the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) would agree to call Dr. Smythe as a witness, where he could be cross-examined by defense counsel. The NMT and the IMTFE each took a short sworn statement from Smythe but refused to call him as a witness.
At the IMTFE, when the prosecutors introduced Smythe’s statement into evidence, the defense objected on the entirely valid grounds that since Smythe was alive and in good health, he should be called as a witness so he could be cross-examined. The statement itself did not even remotely support a six-digit death toll, so the defense did not object to its contents but simply made the point that by the standard rules of law a witness who gave a sworn statement should also be compelled to testify if they were able to do so in order to allow for cross-examination. Of course, the chief judge ruled that Smythe did not need to testify. Yeah, no need to follow long-accepted rules of law when it came to smearing the Japanese.
The problem was that although Dr. Smythe was no Japanese apologist and had been very critical of the conduct of the Japanese army in Nanking, apparently he was not willing to wildly exaggerate or lie under oath. Based on Dr. Smythe’s survey and his sworn statement, the prosecution had good reason to fear that under cross-examination he would state facts that would make it clear that there had been no gigantic, six-digit massacre in Nanking.
-- Dr. Kitomura also points out that even the official Nationalist news agency during that period did not claim that 300,000 people had been killed in Nanking:
The Nanjing tribunal’s figure of 300,000 for the number of victims lacks consistency with the contemporary situation in the city as can be determined from various other resources. Frankly, one gets the sense that 300,000 was first chosen to be the number of the victims and the evidence supporting this figure was then crafted so as to match it.
The “massacre of 300,000 people in Nanjing” was created to serve as the centerpiece of the Japanese war crime charges for the war crime tribunals that were already being prepared for during the war.
Even in the contemporary reporting of the Central News Agency (the Kuomintang’s news service), which often emphasized exaggerated reports in an attempt to boost the Chinese will to fight, no figure even close to 300,000 was ever reported as the number of victims in Nanjing. (What the Nanking Massacre Means, p. 29)