But whose money are we talking about here? There is a misconception that Wall Street is composed of rich people gambling with other rich people’s money, but this couldn’t be further from the truth. The secret that Wall Street doesn’t want anyone to know is that hedge funds comprise less than 5% of assets in the stock market. The real big players in the market are individual households and the pension funds, mutual funds, university endowments, charities and foundations that are entrusted with your savings, donations, retirement funds and 401(k)s. They are the owners of trillions and trillions of dollars invested with Wall Street banks. So, in effect, you are the big player in the market. And when a Wall Street bank overcharges a teacher’s retirement fund or a charity on a complex product, or misprices the Facebook IPO, causing billions of dollars of wealth destruction, or helps the governments of Greece and Italy cover up their debt, or rigs interest rates affecting trillions of dollars of loans, it ultimately affects you directly and comes out of your pocket.
But how does Wall Street make so much money anyway? Surely there are times when it must lose? Actually, not as often as you might think. Consider this: There are certain quarters when a Wall Street bank makes money every single day of that quarter in its trading business. Yes: 90 days in a row. One hundred percent of the time, it generates a profit. Bank of America has pulled off this amazing feat. That is like batting 1.000. A perfect record. How is this even possible?
Two words: asymmetric information. The playing field is not even. The bank can see what every investor in the marketplace is doing and therefore knows more than everyone else. If the casino could always see your cards and sometimes even decide what cards to give you, would you expect it ever to lose?
Here’s how it happens: Because Wall Street is facilitating business for the smartest hedge funds, mutual funds, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds and corporations in the world, it knows who is on every side of countless trades. It can effectively see everyone’s cards. Therefore, it can bet smarter with its own money. Worse, if Wall Street can persuade you to trade a custom-made and impossible-to-understand structured product that serves the firm’s needs, it is as if your cards have been predetermined. There is little risk that the casino will lose in this scenario.
Also consider where the gambling takes place. In a real casino, it is on a casino floor with cameras all over the place. Even if you don’t like Las Vegas gambling, it is regulated. On Wall Street, by contrast, the gambling can be moved to a darkened room where nothing is recorded, observed or tracked. With opaque unregulated derivatives, there are no cameras. In this smoke-filled room, there is maximum temptation to try to exploit unsophisticated investors and conflicts of interest. And this temptation and lack of transparency are what led to the global financial crisis in 2008.
Finally, think about the dealer. Your banker might seem objective — like a friendly casino dealer who jokes around and is on your side — but there are times when he or she might be trying to steer you toward the thing that makes the casino the most money. If you were playing blackjack and you had 19, would the dealer ever tell you to hit? Sometimes, on Wall Street, he urges you to take another card.
With all these advantages, how can Wall Street ever lose? Even real casinos don’t make money every single day of the quarter.