Anthony Yeh, Ph.D. student in Optoelectronics
4 votes by Alex K. Chen, John Clover, Joshua Engel, and Joseph Quattrocchi
No, changes in the electromagnetic field do not affect photons in the absence of matter (under normal circumstances*).
When light propagates through matter, the matter can of course affect the photons. However, based on the description of your question, I assume you are asking about photons in some electromagnetic field in the absence of matter.
Changes in the electromagnetic field do not affect photons because photons are also merely changes in the electromagnetic field, and multiple contributions to the field will simply add together without affecting each other. This is known as linearity or the superposition principle. The following related question applies equally to any wavelength of EM waves:
Why don't electromagnetic signals all obscure each other?
When a traveling disturbance in the field (say, a photon) encounters a stationary one (say, a local, static electromagnetic field), it will simply pass through and then continue on as if they never met. This is part of the nature of wave propagation in general.
Consider a local field of uniform strength sitting still at some point. If a disturbance passes through, it will add together while it coincides with the stationary field, but after it passes, it will continue unaffected.
This also applies for disturbances passing through dynamic fields, or even multiple disturbances passing through one another (i.e. photons do not affect each other). No matter how complicated or ugly an electromagnetic field gets, photons will still pass through it unaffected as long as there is no matter around to get in their way.
What happens if there is matter present?
Pretty much anything can happen. That's the joy of optoelectronics.
* What are "normal circumstances"?
When energy densities become extremely high (such as might be found shortly after the Big Bang, or potentially in a particle accelerator), light can start to interact with itself in nonlinear ways (other than simply adding together). However, this is not a common occurance, so for the most part you can think of light as never interacting with itself (in the absence of matter) except by simple summation and superposition.
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Add CommentLoading... • 5:18 on Wed Jun 29 2011Cannot add comment if you are logged out. Jay Wacker, Faculty at Stanford/SLAC in theoreti...
3 votes by Joshua Engel, Anthony Yeh, and John Clover
Anthony Yeh is completely correct.
The way that an electromagnetic field can alter the propagation of a photon (the excitation of the electromagnetic field) is through non-linear effects in electrodynamics.
If electrodynamics was completely linear, then you could take any two field configurations and add them together and they would behave completely independently.
Electrodynamics is not completely linear and the non-linearity arises because the electromagnetic field alters charged matter and charged matter can alter the electromagnetic field. Typically these effects are very small but can appear in several circumstances.
The best studied non-linear electrodynamics effect arises through non-linear polarizable materials. If you look through an undergraduate electrodynamics text under polarizability, it will first define polarizability and then immediately make the linear approximation. However, this doesn't have to be the case and there are several highly non-linear polarizable materials. This is an active field of research in physics and applied physics.
At a more fundamental level, the vacuum of electrodynamics induces non-linear polarizability due to quantum fluctuations that cause photons to interact with themselves. The effects are well-approximated by the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian which is the cubic approximation to the polarizability of the vacuum. In some astrophysical circumstances, the Euler-Heisenberg approximation isn't good enough and it is possible to resum this correction and get an all-orders approximation to the polarizability of the vacuum. The best known example of this are magnetar neutron stars that have magnetic fields that are of the order of .
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1 CommentLoading... • 9:47 on Wed Jun 29 2011Cannot add comment if you are logged out.
Joshua Engel > Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian
Man, Euler gets his name on EVERYTHING.
(Yes, I'm aware it's a different Euler. I wasn't aware until I looked it up that this one died in the Luftwaffe. Seems like the sort of thing that should have gotten a mention in the play Copenhagen.)Comment downvoted • 9:53 on Wed Jun 29 2011
Cannot add reply if you are logged out.9:53 on Wed Jun 29 2011 Debo Olaosebikan, Physics PhD. candidate at Cornell. Wo...
2 votes by Anthony Yeh and John Clover
While Anthony Yeh and Jay Wacker are correct in the aspects they have addressed, I believe an important source of confusion is the following assumption made by the OP:
"The matter photons travel through are electromagnetic fields"
The OP is first trying to understand
1) what a photon and an electromagnetic field really are
2) what medium the photon travels through
Before understanding
3) How a particular photon is affected when it travels through a medium... possibly in the presence of other photons.
3) Has been addressed pretty well, so I'd just talk about 1) and 2) in as simple a way as possible so as to keep things short.
1) A photon is the smallest packet of electromagnetic energy. Therefore a bunch of photons make up an electromagnetic field. Thus it is not always correct to think of a photon "travelling through" a field. A collection of photons give rise to a field.
2) Does the photon have to travel through a medium, in the same way that sound (or mechanical) waves do? You are actually not the first to wonder about this and the question was actually the source of a long drawn out debate in the 19th Century. It was thought that light travelled through something called the "Luminiferous aether" or "Aether" for short [1].
It turned out (via the Michelson-Morley Experiment) that as far as we know there was no such thing.
Light Waves/Photons/Electromagnetic fields do not need a separate medium to propagate in the same way that mechanical waves do.
They are fine propagating through vacuum.
The resolution of this issue is a cornerstone of the story of relativity.
[1]
Lum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia...
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Add CommentLoading... • 11:7 on Wed Jun 29 2011Cannot add comment if you are logged out. José Ignacio Merino, PhD on Plasma Physics a long time ago...
Really photons are the particles that transmits the electromagnetic force.
If you have a positive charged particle and a negative charged particle they attract because they exchange photons. Not true photons, instead "virtual photons". A true photon is a photon traveling from the space, but a "virtual photon" is a photon used to exchange between particles and only is used on the exchange.
Why a virtual photon and not a real photon? Think on a positive charged particle (for example a proton). The particle can't emit photons to the world saying "Hey, I'm here and I have a positive charge". If that happen, the photons steal energy to the particle. Then the photons are virtual. Really the photons only appears if a charged particle is on his neighbourhood. If there's no particle near, no photons are emmited.
Then if a change on the electromagnetic field happen, sure photons will be affected. How? Probably change the speed of light.
That's a interesting question. Was the speed of light the same on the early ages of the Universe? Will be the same on the future? Is the same on another part of the Universe? That's mean that the electromagnetic field was, will or is different.
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1+ CommentsLoading... • 5:25 on Tue Mar 8 2011Cannot add comment if you are logged out.
Shai Ki So it's not actually correct to say that the speed of light is constant, then?
Different electromagnetic fields can make a difference...
So if we take the example of sound again-sound travels faster through solid than through gas. Will fields that are stronger have an affect like a dense matter has on sounds? Would it mean a faster speed of light?Comment downvoted • 6:17 on Tue Mar 8 2011
Cannot add reply if you are logged out.6:17 on Tue Mar 8 2011
José Ignacio Merino No, it's correct to say that the speed of light is constant as it's correct to say that "all crowns are black".
If I say "all crowns are black" I mean "nobody has seen a non-black crown".
The speed of light is constant, but nobody knows if in other part of the Universe takes a different value or in the past/future was/will different.
It's only a speculation and there's physicist that try to investigate this (measuring the properties of light when pass through a distant interestelar plasma cloud) so theorize about a different speed of light isn't science fiction.
Why does physicist think speed of light could be different in early ages of Universe? Because speed of light depends on 2 properties of vacuum (electric permittivity of vacuum and magnetical permeability of vacuum). Then the vacuum has properties, then the vacuum isn't so vacuum...
Physicist suspect that there's something in the vacuum. Some physicist called to that thing "quantum foam". Has that "quantum foam" the same properties in the Universe? Was/Will the same properties in the past/future? Nobody knows... Even isn't proven that quantum foam exits.. It's only a suspect.Comment downvoted • 2:46 on Thu Mar 10 2011
Cannot add reply if you are logged out.2:46 on Thu Mar 10 2011Shai Ki: “So even though photons are waves in ...”José Ignacio Merino: “No, it's correct to say that the speed ...” Add Answer
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