Litwin
Diamond Member
LIST OF Racial uprisings in Marxist Soviet "russia" (USSR) did you know about it?
LIST OF RISKS AND MASS DISORDERS IN THE USSR (in peacetime)
(incomplete)
Considering the uprisings and riots in the USSR, we conditionally divide the existence of the Soviet Union into periods that characterize the emergence, formation, prosperity and decline of the state system.
The Soviet Union at different periods of its existence was not, one might say, one-sided. The general secretaries of the Communist Party were changing, the style of government was changing, life in the state was changing. It is worth noting periods, the transitions between which were marked by confrontation and struggle between party groups, severe suppression of dissent, uprisings and unrest among the civilian population. These were the era of Lenin and Trotsky, Stalin, Khrushchev - Brezhnev - Gorbachev.
The first period - the era of Lenin can be characterized as the period of revolutionary destruction of the Russian Empire and on its fragments the construction of a new state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as an attempt to restore the capitalist system already for the new bourgeoisie. It was a period of the emergence of the state.
The second - the era of Stalin is characterized by the end of the struggle with the followers of the restoration of the capitalist system, the building of socialism, participation and victory in the Great Patriotic War, the restoration of a destroyed economy and the beginning of the transition to a new, higher phase of socialism. This period can be conditionally characterized as the era of socialism or the era of formation and prosperity of the state. Maybe this is why this period, like no other, is currently being condemned. After all, it is he who is the key in the perception of the USSR.
The third - the era of Khrushchev-Brezhnev-Gorbachev is characterized by desecration and destruction of the achieved successes of the second period and the transition to the period of "stagnation". Then the beginning of perestroika - democracy-lawlessness, repentance for far-fetched crimes, the transition to capitalism and the beginning of the final collapse of the Soviet Union with the loss of territory collected by the Russian Empire and the Second Period in the USSR. This is the era of "stagnation" and the decline of the state system.
At the moment, without considering the armed struggle for class domination and national independence during the formation of the Soviet Union and the building of socialism, which coincided with the Civil War, the wars of 30-40, the Great Patriotic War, we will try to consider the riots and uprisings of the civilian population in peacetime, in the period of the Khrushchev-Brezhnev-Gorbachev era and their causes.
The era of Khrushchev - Brezhnev - Gorbachev
Year 1953
The 1 of May. RSFSR, Volkhovstroy (railway station), Kirov railway. Conflict of military personnel with local residents. Number of killed: 2 people, injured: 4 people. Results of the conflict: Riot instigators arrested.
May 24 - July 7. RSFSR, Norilsk camp. Norilsk uprising. Number of participants: more than 3,000 people. Reason: Cruel treatment by prison guards. Number of people killed: more than 150 people, more than 250 people injured. Results: the uprising was crushed, more than 2,000 participants in the uprising were isolated, 45 people were convicted.
the 14 th of July. Georgian SSR, Rustavi. Reasons: spreading false rumors about the beating by a local residents of a military serviceman. Number of injured: 10 people.
July 19 - August 1. RSFSR, River Camp, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Vorkuta uprising. Number: more than 5000 people. Reason: The camp guards were mistreated with prisoners. Number of killed: 42 people, injured: 135 people. Bottom line: the uprising was crushed, about 300 participants in the uprising were convicted, more than 800 were placed in a special camp.
August 9-12. RSFSR, Usolye-Siberian, Irkutsk region. Number of participants: 350-400 people. Reasons: revenge of servicemen for the wounded by an unknown comrade. Number of injured: 50 people killed, one wounded. Bottom line: The instigators of the riots were arrested and sent to a guardhouse.
16 of September. RSFSR, Khabarovsk. Conflict between draftees flared up at the city railway station. Number of participants: more than 100 people. Number of killed: 5, 6 injured. Bottom line: about 100 rioters arrested
September 17-23. Latvian SSR, Ludza. "Hooligan war", unleashed by students of local vocational schools. Were injured. Result: 43 students were arrested, 8 were put on trial.
Year 1954
June 16-26. Kazakh SSR, Steplag. Kengir uprising. Number: about 8000 people. Reason: harsh conditions. During the suppression of the uprising, 47 people were killed and 106 wounded. Bottom line: the uprising was crushed with the use of army and tank units, most of the participants in the uprising were arrested and convicted.
August 15. RSFSR, Kupino station , Omsk railway. Conflict between passengers of a passing train and locals. Killed 1 and injured 3 people.
August 22-24. RSFSR, Barnaul. The conflict between the military and local residents. 5 were killed and 24 injured.
Year 1955
March 1-28. RSFSR, Kamensk region. The conflict between the visiting workers of the mines and the locals. 5 people were killed and more than 59 injured.
May 17th. Kazakh SSR, Ekibastuz. Ethnic conflict between Chechens and Russians. Killed 3 and injured 4 people. Bottom line: a special brigade of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was introduced into the region to avoid further unrest.
October 13th. Armenian SSR, Yerevan. Fight fans. There were killed and wounded on both sides.
Year 1956
January 9-10 . RSFSR, Novorossiysk. The police detained a group of hooligans, which led to the participation in the pogrom of the police department of the thousandth crowd. Number of participants: about 1000 people. There were killed and 5 people injured. Bottom line: 15 instigators of the riots were arrested.
January 21. Lithuanian SSR, Klaipeda. Death from market merchant epilepsy, which his colleagues considered the work of police officers. Number of participants: about 500 people, according to unverified data, there were killed and wounded. Result: The buildings of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate and the KGB were destroyed, and several policemen were beaten.
March 5-11. Georgian SSR, a number of cities, including Tbilisi, Gori, Sukhumi and Batumi . Speeches against the policy of Khrushchev. The protest against the exposure of the cult of personality of Stalin. Requirements: Khrushchev’s resignation and the formation of a new government. There are calls for Georgia to leave the USSR. Ethnic conflicts of Georgians and Russians. Troops are being introduced. A firearm was used. Result: riots suppressed, 22 people killed and 47 injured.
October 26th. Ukrainian SSR, Slavyansk, Stalin region. Number of participants: 500-600 people. Reason: rumors about police beating a local resident. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Results: several policemen and party workers were beaten, riots were stopped with the participation of police from neighboring cities.
Year 1957
April. Georgian SSR, Abkhaz ASSR . Dissatisfaction with the entry of Abkhazia into Georgia. Mass demonstrations demanding the withdrawal of the Abkhaz ASSR from the Georgian SSR.
May 14. RSFSR, Leningrad. Leningrad football riot. Number of participants: more than 150 people. Reason: police ill-treatment of a detained fan at the Kirov Stadium. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Bottom line: 16 instigators of riots arrested and convicted of hooliganism.
June 11th. RSFSR, Podolsk . Number of participants: about 7000 people. The reason: the killing by police of a detained driver - a local resident. 15 people were injured. Bottom line: 9 instigators were arrested and convicted of hooliganism.
Year 1958
August 26-27. RSFSR, Grozny . Mass riots in Grozny. Number of participants: about 2000-3000 people. Reason: Ethnic hostility between Russians and Chechens. Were injured. Bottom line: about 100 people were arrested and convicted.
September 7th. Latvian SSR, Riga. Mass riots. Reason: murder during the detention by a policeman of a previously convicted local resident. 2 people were injured. Bottom line: The riots led to the establishment of a 40-kilometer zone around Riga, in which it was forbidden to settle the convicted.
Year 1959
August 1-4. Kazakh SSR, Temirtau. Uprising in Temirtau. Number of participants: about 5,000 people. Reasons: poor working conditions for builders, supply disruptions. When suppressing the uprising with the help of the army, firearms were used. 11 people were killed and 32 wounded. Result: about 70 people were arrested, 5 of them were shot by a court verdict.
10 September. Kazakh SSR, Mangay. Number: more than 50 people. Reason: revenge of servicemen to Armenians for the injured comrade. One person was killed and 5 injured.
Year 1960
July 31st. Kazakh SSR, Dzhetygar. Number of participants: 500-1000 people. The reason: the conflict between the military and the Ingush. More than 5 were killed and more than 10 people were injured. Bottom line: the Ingush family was killed, their house was burnt.
Year 1961
January 15-16. RSFSR, Krasnodar. Mass riots in Krasnodar. The participation of more than 1300 people. Reason: detention by a military patrol of a soldier who was in an unauthorized absence. Firearms were used. One man was killed and the wounded. Bottom line: 24 people were prosecuted.
June 25th. RSFSR, Biysk. Biysk pogrom. Number of participants: about 500 people. Reason: conflict between police and local residents. Firearms were used. There were dead and wounded. Bottom line: 15 people were prosecuted.
30 June. RSFSR, Murom. Mass riots in Murom. 1,500 people participated in the riots. The reason: an attempt by the workers of the Ordzhonikidze plant to destroy the building of the sobering-up station, in which one of the employees of the enterprise who died there was killed by the police. Firearms were used. Two people were injured. Bottom line: 12 (13) people were brought to justice, 3 were shot by a court verdict.
July 23-24. RSFSR, Alexandrov. Mass riots in Aleksandrov. Number of participants: about 1,500 people. Reason: conflict between police and local residents. Firearms were used, 4 people were killed, 11 injured. Bottom line: 19 people were brought to justice, 4 were shot by a court verdict.
September 15-16. RSFSR, Beslan. 700 people participated in the riots. Reason: police attempt to detain five people who were drunk in a public place. Police were given armed resistance. Firearms were used, one person was killed, there were wounded. Criminalized 7 people.
Year 1962
June 1-3. RSFSR, Novocherkassk. The number of participants is 4,000 people. The reason: the dissatisfaction of the workers of the electric locomotive plant with Khrushchev's reforms, the increase in food prices and lower working prices, which led to lower wages and increased exploitation. Protesting workers were dispersed with the help of army units. A firearm was used. 23 (26) people were killed, 70 (90) injured. Bottom line: 132 (112) people were brought to justice, 7 were shot by a court verdict.
Year 1963
June 16-18. Ukrainian SSR, Kryvyi Rih. The number of participants is about 600 people. Reason: conflict between police and local residents. A firearm was used. There were four killed, 15 wounded. Bottom line: 41 people were prosecuted.
November 7th. Azerbaijan SSR, Sumgait. Mass riots in Sumgait. Number of participants: more than 800 people. Reason: dissatisfaction with the exposure of the Stalin personality cult. People defended the demonstrators who came with Stalin's photo cards. Police and combatants tried to select unauthorized portraits. In the suppression of the riots, firearms were used. One person was injured. Criminalized 6 people.
December 18th. RSFSR, Moscow. The murder of an African student in the USSR, riots organized by his compatriots. Number of participants: about 159 people. Bottom line: information about the riots on Red Square hit the western newspapers.
Year 1964
April 16th. RSFSR, Bronnitsy. Number of participants: about 300 people. Reason: the police provoked popular indignation with their unauthorized actions. Bottom line: the crowd defeated the building of the bullpen of the city police department, in which a local resident died from beating. Criminalized 8 people.
April 18th. RSFSR, Stavropol. The conflict between the police and local residents. Number of participants: about 700 people. In the suppression of the riots, army units were used. Several people were injured. Bottom line: a patrol car was burned, a police station was destroyed, the instigators were arrested with the help of soldiers.
September 29 - October 3. RSFSR, Khasavyurt. The number of rioters is up to 700 people. Reason: a Chechen raped a girl of Lak nationality, and the male population of Laks moved to avenge Chechens. They were killed and wounded. 9 people were prosecuted.
Year 1965
April 24th. Armenian SSR, Yerevan. Number of participants: up to 8000 people. Reason: the entry of Nagorno-Karabakh into the Azerbaijan SSR. Results: unauthorized spontaneous rallies and demonstrations demanding the withdrawal of Nagorno-Karabakh from the Azerbaijan SSR and its inclusion in the Armenian SSR.
5th of December. RSFSR, Moscow. Publicity rally. Number of participants: about 200 people. Reason: the arrest of writers Sinyavsky and Daniel. Results: the first organized anti-government demonstration with the requirements of publicity, the rally lasted several minutes on Pushkin Square, was dispersed by the KGB of the USSR, 20 people were arrested.
Year 1966
August 23. RSFSR, Moscow, Kiev region. The number of participants is about 500 people. Reason: people stood up for a drunken citizen, whom the police tried to detain. No weapons were used. There were no casualties.
Year 1967
May 17th. Kyrgyz SSR, Frunze. Number of participants: up to 700 people. The reason: the residents ’uprising against the police, who beat the detained soldier to death. One man was killed, three were injured. Results: two police department and police department were burned, troops were introduced into the city, using weapons to disperse. Criminalized 18 people.
June 13th. Kazakh SSR, Chimkent. Mass riots. Number of participants: about 1000 people. Reason: rumors about the alleged killing of a local car park driver by police officers. Firearms were used. 7 people were killed, more than 50 people were injured. Criminalized 43 people.
July 03. Azerbaijan SSR, Stepanakert. More than 2000 people participated. Reason: people, dissatisfied with the mild verdict of the court on the killers of the boy, attacked the convoy and recaptured the three convicts. They were killed and burned right on the street. In the suppression of the riots, firearms were used. Four people were killed, 9 people were injured. Criminalized 22 people.
October 8th. Ukrainian SSR, Priluki. Number of participants: 500 people. Reason: rumors about allegedly killing a citizen by police. No weapons were used, there were no casualties. Criminalized 10 people.
October 12-13. Belorussian SSR, Slutsk. Mass riots. Number of participants: about 5,000 people. Reason: soft sentence to the murderers of a local resident. Killed 2 and injured more than 80 people, burns 3 people. Results: the courthouse was burned, two people died in the fire, including the judge who passed the verdict, about 70 people were prosecuted, 2 of them were sentenced to death, 14 were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.
Year 1968
July 13. RSFSR, Nalchik. Number of participants: about 4,000 inhabitants. Reason: police beat a detained teenager at a local police station. An angry crowd burst into the room and killed the precinct. 33 people were brought to justice, three - to be shot.
Year 1969
April 4-12. Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Pogrom of Russians in Tashkent. Participated: more than 1000 people. Reason: Interethnic Clash. They were killed and wounded. Bottom line: the riots after the football match “Pakhtakor” - “Wings of the Soviets” flowed into interethnic clashes, which were suppressed. About 1 thousand people were detained, the nationalist aspect of the riots was hidden by the authorities.
Year 1970
May 21-22. RSFSR, Togliatti. About 200 people participated. Reason: prisoners' desire for amnesty. One killed, more than 20 people were injured. Bottom line: about 30 people were prosecuted, three were sentenced to death
Year 1972
May. Ukrainian SSR, Dnepropetrovsk. Riots in Dnepropetrovsk. Reason: ethnic hostility between Ukrainians and Jews. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Bottom line: for three days, riots took place, accompanied by vandalism in Jewish cemeteries and the beating of Jews.
May 18-19. Lithuanian SSR, Kaunas. About 500 people participated. Reason: self-immolation of student Romas Calant. 11 people were killed and more than 100 injured. Bottom line: 81 people were prosecuted.
June 25th. Ukrainian SSR, Dneprodzerzhinsk. About 350 people participated. Reason: 3 people were burned alive in a police car. People decided that the police did this consciously. During the riots, 22 military personnel, seven police officers and several citizens were injured. Bottom line: 9 people were convicted.
Year 1973
January 16-19. RSFSR, Grozny. Riots in Grozny. Reason: the entry of the Prigorodny district into North Ossetia. Were injured. Bottom line: the demonstrations were dispersed with the help of water jets, participants and sympathizers were repressed.
Year 1974
26 April. Ukrainian SSR, Nikopol. Youth riot in Nikopol. Participated: 500-600 people. Reason: gross arrest by the police of youth on a dance floor. An attempt to seize the building of the city police department in order to release the arrested. To suppress the unrest, the authorities used army units. Weapons were used. There were injured, two people were injured. Result: 100 people were arrested, about 70 were put on trial. Two people were sentenced to long sentences.
May 29. RSFSR, Rubtsovsk. 300-500 people participated in the riots. Reason: murder by policemen and combatants of a local resident.According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Bottom line: pogroms were carried out at the police station, the demonstration led to success - an investigation was carried out, about 30 police officers were fired, the killers were convicted (1 - to be shot, the rest - to imprisonment).
Year 1975
November 8-9. Latvian SSR, Riga. Uprising on the destroyer Watchdog. Reasons: dissatisfaction of the crew of the destroyer Watchdog with Soviet policy. In the suppression of the uprising were killed and wounded. Bottom line: officers and sailors who did not support the rebels were isolated. The rebels were arrested, the leader of the uprising, Valery Sablin, was shot by a court sentence, the rest of the uprising sentenced to imprisonment.
Year 1977
January 22. RSFSR, Novomoskovsk. Number of participants: 500-1000 people. Reason: it became known that police officers used assault and other rude acts against detained minors. Outraged residents nearly defeated the bullpen. Bottom line: 6 people were prosecuted.
Year 1978
14th of April. Georgian SSR, Tbilisi. Reason: adoption of the new constitution of the republic, in which Russian was declared the state language. Bottom line:: the demonstrations led to success - the authorities replaced the state language with Georgian in the constitution.
Year 1979
20 April. RSFSR, Moscow. Reason: rally staged by neo-Nazi groups, the first such event in the USSR.
Year 1981
20 April. RSFSR, Moscow. A rally staged by neo-Nazi groups, the first such event in the USSR. They were killed and wounded. Results: the police did not intervene, acting through the "lovers", soon to disperse the mass brawl, additional forces had to be called up, 6 people were arrested, this is the first major action of the "lovers"
October 24-26. RSFSR, Ordzhonikidze. The number of participants in the riots is about 10,000 people. Reason: Riots arose during the funeral of a murdered taxi driver. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Results: troops were brought into the city, riots were suppressed, 800 people were arrested, 40 were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment
Year 1984
August 22-23. RSFSR, Leninogorsk. The number of participants in the riots: about 1000 people. Reason: a police car ran into two girls, one of whom died as a result of an injury. The city police department was defeated. In a fight, 2 people were injured. Criminalized 13 people.
Year 1985
January 12th. Tajik SSR, Dushanbe. Number of participants: up to 700 people. Reason: fueled by nationalist cries, a crowd of Tajiks organized a mass beating of Russians at the cinema. There were killed and wounded. Result: mass fights were stopped by police, 5 instigators were arrested and subsequently convicted.
Year 1986
April 02 RSFSR, Yakutsk. Number of participants: up to 600 people Reason: skirmishes between youth of the Yakut and Russian nationalities based on national hostility. There were no injuries. Bottom line: 8 people were prosecuted
December 17-18. Kazakh SSR, Alma-Ata. The number of rioters is about 5,000. Reason: nationalist-minded students of a number of higher educational institutions expressed demands for a review of the decision of the plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Republic, which considered the organizational issue. Then the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan Kunaev was replaced by the Russian - Kolbin.
During the riots, 1,215 (1,137) people received injuries of varying degrees, of which 774 were military personnel and police officers. Two wounded citizens taken to hospital died. Results: 2,200 rioters were detained. Criminalized 107 people.
December 19-20. Kazakh SSR, Karaganda. Number of rioters: up to 300 people. Reason: Gennady Kolbin was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the republic. According to unverified data, there were victims. Bottom line: 5 people were prosecuted.
Year 1988
February 22. Azerbaijan SSR, Askeran. About 1,000 people participated in the riots. Reason: dissatisfaction with the requirements of the leadership of the Armenian SSR to withdraw Nagorno-Karabakh from the composition of the Azerbaijan SSR and to include its composition in the ARSSR. Two dead and nineteen wounded. Bottom line: riots suppressed by police.
February 27-29. Azerbaijan SSR, Sumgait. Sumgait pogrom. Reasons: dissatisfaction with the requirements of the leadership of the Armenian SSR to withdraw Nagorno-Karabakh from the composition of the Azerbaijan SSR and to include its structure in the ARSSR. During the riots 32 people were killed and more than 376 injured. Bottom line: more than 80 people were prosecuted, 1 was shot by a court verdict.
Year 1989
April 4-9 . Georgian SSR, Tbilisi. Georgian events of 1989. Reasons: dissatisfaction with the entry of Georgia into the USSR. During the clashes, 19 were killed and more than 4,000 people were injured. Results: the Georgian government resigned, criminal proceedings were instituted against the organizers of the rally, but a year later they were discontinued.
Year 1990
January 13-20. Azerbaijan SSR, Baku. The Armenian pogrom in Baku in 1990. Reasons: dissatisfaction with the requirements of the leadership of the Armenian SSR to withdraw Nagorno-Karabakh from the AzSSR and to include its structure in the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the pogroms, 48-90 people were killed and more than 300 wounded. Results: a mass exodus of Armenians began from Azerbaijan to Armenia.
June 4 - July 7. Kyrgyz SSR, Osh, Uzgen and a number of other cities and villages. Osh Massacre of 1990. Number of participants: about 35,000 people. Reason: Ethnic hostility between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. More than 1200 dead and a huge number of wounded. Results: about 300 people were prosecuted.
November 2. Moldavian SSR, Dubossary. The reason: the decision of the Moldovan government on independence, and the decision to create the Transnistrian republic. A firearm was used. Three killed and 16 wounded. Bottom line: Moldovan police failed to enter Dubossary.
Considering the uprisings and riots in the Soviet Union in peacetime, we can conclude that in most cases their reason was:
- political and social changes in society not perceived by an individual population, and in some cases turning into national liberation uprisings;
- social and national inequality;
- bringing people to extreme poverty and lack of rights:
- the irresponsible, and sometimes rude attitude of leaders of various ranks to the demands of citizens, unwillingness to admit that they are right, to understand the essence of the conflict with a view to resolving it peacefully;
- criminally provocative actions of the police, based on permissiveness and impunity;
- interethnic confrontation;
- inhuman detention of prisoners;
The causes of the uprisings and riots in the Soviet Union very much resemble the problems of modern Ukraine. Only so far without uprisings and riots. WHILE STILL.
Participants in the events themselves testified to the fact that people driven to despair during the uprisings were ready for the most extreme measures:
“These were terrible days. Bloodied people with weapons rushed through the streets, shouting:“ To kill! Kill reptiles! "It seemed that the battle was not between citizens, but between irreconcilable enemies," said a resident of Temirtau.
A note from one of the instigators of the rebellion in Temirtau addressed to the builders in the tent camp said: "Why don’t you come? We are shedding blood here ... Get ready - and we will put more of these bastards," that is, officials, policemen and military personnel.
Google Translate
LIST OF RISKS AND MASS DISORDERS IN THE USSR (in peacetime)
(incomplete)
Considering the uprisings and riots in the USSR, we conditionally divide the existence of the Soviet Union into periods that characterize the emergence, formation, prosperity and decline of the state system.
The Soviet Union at different periods of its existence was not, one might say, one-sided. The general secretaries of the Communist Party were changing, the style of government was changing, life in the state was changing. It is worth noting periods, the transitions between which were marked by confrontation and struggle between party groups, severe suppression of dissent, uprisings and unrest among the civilian population. These were the era of Lenin and Trotsky, Stalin, Khrushchev - Brezhnev - Gorbachev.
The first period - the era of Lenin can be characterized as the period of revolutionary destruction of the Russian Empire and on its fragments the construction of a new state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as an attempt to restore the capitalist system already for the new bourgeoisie. It was a period of the emergence of the state.
The second - the era of Stalin is characterized by the end of the struggle with the followers of the restoration of the capitalist system, the building of socialism, participation and victory in the Great Patriotic War, the restoration of a destroyed economy and the beginning of the transition to a new, higher phase of socialism. This period can be conditionally characterized as the era of socialism or the era of formation and prosperity of the state. Maybe this is why this period, like no other, is currently being condemned. After all, it is he who is the key in the perception of the USSR.
The third - the era of Khrushchev-Brezhnev-Gorbachev is characterized by desecration and destruction of the achieved successes of the second period and the transition to the period of "stagnation". Then the beginning of perestroika - democracy-lawlessness, repentance for far-fetched crimes, the transition to capitalism and the beginning of the final collapse of the Soviet Union with the loss of territory collected by the Russian Empire and the Second Period in the USSR. This is the era of "stagnation" and the decline of the state system.
At the moment, without considering the armed struggle for class domination and national independence during the formation of the Soviet Union and the building of socialism, which coincided with the Civil War, the wars of 30-40, the Great Patriotic War, we will try to consider the riots and uprisings of the civilian population in peacetime, in the period of the Khrushchev-Brezhnev-Gorbachev era and their causes.
The era of Khrushchev - Brezhnev - Gorbachev
Year 1953
The 1 of May. RSFSR, Volkhovstroy (railway station), Kirov railway. Conflict of military personnel with local residents. Number of killed: 2 people, injured: 4 people. Results of the conflict: Riot instigators arrested.
May 24 - July 7. RSFSR, Norilsk camp. Norilsk uprising. Number of participants: more than 3,000 people. Reason: Cruel treatment by prison guards. Number of people killed: more than 150 people, more than 250 people injured. Results: the uprising was crushed, more than 2,000 participants in the uprising were isolated, 45 people were convicted.
the 14 th of July. Georgian SSR, Rustavi. Reasons: spreading false rumors about the beating by a local residents of a military serviceman. Number of injured: 10 people.
July 19 - August 1. RSFSR, River Camp, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Vorkuta uprising. Number: more than 5000 people. Reason: The camp guards were mistreated with prisoners. Number of killed: 42 people, injured: 135 people. Bottom line: the uprising was crushed, about 300 participants in the uprising were convicted, more than 800 were placed in a special camp.
August 9-12. RSFSR, Usolye-Siberian, Irkutsk region. Number of participants: 350-400 people. Reasons: revenge of servicemen for the wounded by an unknown comrade. Number of injured: 50 people killed, one wounded. Bottom line: The instigators of the riots were arrested and sent to a guardhouse.
16 of September. RSFSR, Khabarovsk. Conflict between draftees flared up at the city railway station. Number of participants: more than 100 people. Number of killed: 5, 6 injured. Bottom line: about 100 rioters arrested
September 17-23. Latvian SSR, Ludza. "Hooligan war", unleashed by students of local vocational schools. Were injured. Result: 43 students were arrested, 8 were put on trial.
Year 1954
June 16-26. Kazakh SSR, Steplag. Kengir uprising. Number: about 8000 people. Reason: harsh conditions. During the suppression of the uprising, 47 people were killed and 106 wounded. Bottom line: the uprising was crushed with the use of army and tank units, most of the participants in the uprising were arrested and convicted.
August 15. RSFSR, Kupino station , Omsk railway. Conflict between passengers of a passing train and locals. Killed 1 and injured 3 people.
August 22-24. RSFSR, Barnaul. The conflict between the military and local residents. 5 were killed and 24 injured.
Year 1955
March 1-28. RSFSR, Kamensk region. The conflict between the visiting workers of the mines and the locals. 5 people were killed and more than 59 injured.
May 17th. Kazakh SSR, Ekibastuz. Ethnic conflict between Chechens and Russians. Killed 3 and injured 4 people. Bottom line: a special brigade of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was introduced into the region to avoid further unrest.
October 13th. Armenian SSR, Yerevan. Fight fans. There were killed and wounded on both sides.
Year 1956
January 9-10 . RSFSR, Novorossiysk. The police detained a group of hooligans, which led to the participation in the pogrom of the police department of the thousandth crowd. Number of participants: about 1000 people. There were killed and 5 people injured. Bottom line: 15 instigators of the riots were arrested.
January 21. Lithuanian SSR, Klaipeda. Death from market merchant epilepsy, which his colleagues considered the work of police officers. Number of participants: about 500 people, according to unverified data, there were killed and wounded. Result: The buildings of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate and the KGB were destroyed, and several policemen were beaten.
March 5-11. Georgian SSR, a number of cities, including Tbilisi, Gori, Sukhumi and Batumi . Speeches against the policy of Khrushchev. The protest against the exposure of the cult of personality of Stalin. Requirements: Khrushchev’s resignation and the formation of a new government. There are calls for Georgia to leave the USSR. Ethnic conflicts of Georgians and Russians. Troops are being introduced. A firearm was used. Result: riots suppressed, 22 people killed and 47 injured.
October 26th. Ukrainian SSR, Slavyansk, Stalin region. Number of participants: 500-600 people. Reason: rumors about police beating a local resident. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Results: several policemen and party workers were beaten, riots were stopped with the participation of police from neighboring cities.
Year 1957
April. Georgian SSR, Abkhaz ASSR . Dissatisfaction with the entry of Abkhazia into Georgia. Mass demonstrations demanding the withdrawal of the Abkhaz ASSR from the Georgian SSR.
May 14. RSFSR, Leningrad. Leningrad football riot. Number of participants: more than 150 people. Reason: police ill-treatment of a detained fan at the Kirov Stadium. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Bottom line: 16 instigators of riots arrested and convicted of hooliganism.
June 11th. RSFSR, Podolsk . Number of participants: about 7000 people. The reason: the killing by police of a detained driver - a local resident. 15 people were injured. Bottom line: 9 instigators were arrested and convicted of hooliganism.
Year 1958
August 26-27. RSFSR, Grozny . Mass riots in Grozny. Number of participants: about 2000-3000 people. Reason: Ethnic hostility between Russians and Chechens. Were injured. Bottom line: about 100 people were arrested and convicted.
September 7th. Latvian SSR, Riga. Mass riots. Reason: murder during the detention by a policeman of a previously convicted local resident. 2 people were injured. Bottom line: The riots led to the establishment of a 40-kilometer zone around Riga, in which it was forbidden to settle the convicted.
Year 1959
August 1-4. Kazakh SSR, Temirtau. Uprising in Temirtau. Number of participants: about 5,000 people. Reasons: poor working conditions for builders, supply disruptions. When suppressing the uprising with the help of the army, firearms were used. 11 people were killed and 32 wounded. Result: about 70 people were arrested, 5 of them were shot by a court verdict.
10 September. Kazakh SSR, Mangay. Number: more than 50 people. Reason: revenge of servicemen to Armenians for the injured comrade. One person was killed and 5 injured.
Year 1960
July 31st. Kazakh SSR, Dzhetygar. Number of participants: 500-1000 people. The reason: the conflict between the military and the Ingush. More than 5 were killed and more than 10 people were injured. Bottom line: the Ingush family was killed, their house was burnt.
Year 1961
January 15-16. RSFSR, Krasnodar. Mass riots in Krasnodar. The participation of more than 1300 people. Reason: detention by a military patrol of a soldier who was in an unauthorized absence. Firearms were used. One man was killed and the wounded. Bottom line: 24 people were prosecuted.
June 25th. RSFSR, Biysk. Biysk pogrom. Number of participants: about 500 people. Reason: conflict between police and local residents. Firearms were used. There were dead and wounded. Bottom line: 15 people were prosecuted.
30 June. RSFSR, Murom. Mass riots in Murom. 1,500 people participated in the riots. The reason: an attempt by the workers of the Ordzhonikidze plant to destroy the building of the sobering-up station, in which one of the employees of the enterprise who died there was killed by the police. Firearms were used. Two people were injured. Bottom line: 12 (13) people were brought to justice, 3 were shot by a court verdict.
July 23-24. RSFSR, Alexandrov. Mass riots in Aleksandrov. Number of participants: about 1,500 people. Reason: conflict between police and local residents. Firearms were used, 4 people were killed, 11 injured. Bottom line: 19 people were brought to justice, 4 were shot by a court verdict.
September 15-16. RSFSR, Beslan. 700 people participated in the riots. Reason: police attempt to detain five people who were drunk in a public place. Police were given armed resistance. Firearms were used, one person was killed, there were wounded. Criminalized 7 people.
Year 1962
June 1-3. RSFSR, Novocherkassk. The number of participants is 4,000 people. The reason: the dissatisfaction of the workers of the electric locomotive plant with Khrushchev's reforms, the increase in food prices and lower working prices, which led to lower wages and increased exploitation. Protesting workers were dispersed with the help of army units. A firearm was used. 23 (26) people were killed, 70 (90) injured. Bottom line: 132 (112) people were brought to justice, 7 were shot by a court verdict.
Year 1963
June 16-18. Ukrainian SSR, Kryvyi Rih. The number of participants is about 600 people. Reason: conflict between police and local residents. A firearm was used. There were four killed, 15 wounded. Bottom line: 41 people were prosecuted.
November 7th. Azerbaijan SSR, Sumgait. Mass riots in Sumgait. Number of participants: more than 800 people. Reason: dissatisfaction with the exposure of the Stalin personality cult. People defended the demonstrators who came with Stalin's photo cards. Police and combatants tried to select unauthorized portraits. In the suppression of the riots, firearms were used. One person was injured. Criminalized 6 people.
December 18th. RSFSR, Moscow. The murder of an African student in the USSR, riots organized by his compatriots. Number of participants: about 159 people. Bottom line: information about the riots on Red Square hit the western newspapers.
Year 1964
April 16th. RSFSR, Bronnitsy. Number of participants: about 300 people. Reason: the police provoked popular indignation with their unauthorized actions. Bottom line: the crowd defeated the building of the bullpen of the city police department, in which a local resident died from beating. Criminalized 8 people.
April 18th. RSFSR, Stavropol. The conflict between the police and local residents. Number of participants: about 700 people. In the suppression of the riots, army units were used. Several people were injured. Bottom line: a patrol car was burned, a police station was destroyed, the instigators were arrested with the help of soldiers.
September 29 - October 3. RSFSR, Khasavyurt. The number of rioters is up to 700 people. Reason: a Chechen raped a girl of Lak nationality, and the male population of Laks moved to avenge Chechens. They were killed and wounded. 9 people were prosecuted.
Year 1965
April 24th. Armenian SSR, Yerevan. Number of participants: up to 8000 people. Reason: the entry of Nagorno-Karabakh into the Azerbaijan SSR. Results: unauthorized spontaneous rallies and demonstrations demanding the withdrawal of Nagorno-Karabakh from the Azerbaijan SSR and its inclusion in the Armenian SSR.
5th of December. RSFSR, Moscow. Publicity rally. Number of participants: about 200 people. Reason: the arrest of writers Sinyavsky and Daniel. Results: the first organized anti-government demonstration with the requirements of publicity, the rally lasted several minutes on Pushkin Square, was dispersed by the KGB of the USSR, 20 people were arrested.
Year 1966
August 23. RSFSR, Moscow, Kiev region. The number of participants is about 500 people. Reason: people stood up for a drunken citizen, whom the police tried to detain. No weapons were used. There were no casualties.
Year 1967
May 17th. Kyrgyz SSR, Frunze. Number of participants: up to 700 people. The reason: the residents ’uprising against the police, who beat the detained soldier to death. One man was killed, three were injured. Results: two police department and police department were burned, troops were introduced into the city, using weapons to disperse. Criminalized 18 people.
June 13th. Kazakh SSR, Chimkent. Mass riots. Number of participants: about 1000 people. Reason: rumors about the alleged killing of a local car park driver by police officers. Firearms were used. 7 people were killed, more than 50 people were injured. Criminalized 43 people.
July 03. Azerbaijan SSR, Stepanakert. More than 2000 people participated. Reason: people, dissatisfied with the mild verdict of the court on the killers of the boy, attacked the convoy and recaptured the three convicts. They were killed and burned right on the street. In the suppression of the riots, firearms were used. Four people were killed, 9 people were injured. Criminalized 22 people.
October 8th. Ukrainian SSR, Priluki. Number of participants: 500 people. Reason: rumors about allegedly killing a citizen by police. No weapons were used, there were no casualties. Criminalized 10 people.
October 12-13. Belorussian SSR, Slutsk. Mass riots. Number of participants: about 5,000 people. Reason: soft sentence to the murderers of a local resident. Killed 2 and injured more than 80 people, burns 3 people. Results: the courthouse was burned, two people died in the fire, including the judge who passed the verdict, about 70 people were prosecuted, 2 of them were sentenced to death, 14 were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.
Year 1968
July 13. RSFSR, Nalchik. Number of participants: about 4,000 inhabitants. Reason: police beat a detained teenager at a local police station. An angry crowd burst into the room and killed the precinct. 33 people were brought to justice, three - to be shot.
Year 1969
April 4-12. Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Pogrom of Russians in Tashkent. Participated: more than 1000 people. Reason: Interethnic Clash. They were killed and wounded. Bottom line: the riots after the football match “Pakhtakor” - “Wings of the Soviets” flowed into interethnic clashes, which were suppressed. About 1 thousand people were detained, the nationalist aspect of the riots was hidden by the authorities.
Year 1970
May 21-22. RSFSR, Togliatti. About 200 people participated. Reason: prisoners' desire for amnesty. One killed, more than 20 people were injured. Bottom line: about 30 people were prosecuted, three were sentenced to death
Year 1972
May. Ukrainian SSR, Dnepropetrovsk. Riots in Dnepropetrovsk. Reason: ethnic hostility between Ukrainians and Jews. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Bottom line: for three days, riots took place, accompanied by vandalism in Jewish cemeteries and the beating of Jews.
May 18-19. Lithuanian SSR, Kaunas. About 500 people participated. Reason: self-immolation of student Romas Calant. 11 people were killed and more than 100 injured. Bottom line: 81 people were prosecuted.
June 25th. Ukrainian SSR, Dneprodzerzhinsk. About 350 people participated. Reason: 3 people were burned alive in a police car. People decided that the police did this consciously. During the riots, 22 military personnel, seven police officers and several citizens were injured. Bottom line: 9 people were convicted.
Year 1973
January 16-19. RSFSR, Grozny. Riots in Grozny. Reason: the entry of the Prigorodny district into North Ossetia. Were injured. Bottom line: the demonstrations were dispersed with the help of water jets, participants and sympathizers were repressed.
Year 1974
26 April. Ukrainian SSR, Nikopol. Youth riot in Nikopol. Participated: 500-600 people. Reason: gross arrest by the police of youth on a dance floor. An attempt to seize the building of the city police department in order to release the arrested. To suppress the unrest, the authorities used army units. Weapons were used. There were injured, two people were injured. Result: 100 people were arrested, about 70 were put on trial. Two people were sentenced to long sentences.
May 29. RSFSR, Rubtsovsk. 300-500 people participated in the riots. Reason: murder by policemen and combatants of a local resident.According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Bottom line: pogroms were carried out at the police station, the demonstration led to success - an investigation was carried out, about 30 police officers were fired, the killers were convicted (1 - to be shot, the rest - to imprisonment).
Year 1975
November 8-9. Latvian SSR, Riga. Uprising on the destroyer Watchdog. Reasons: dissatisfaction of the crew of the destroyer Watchdog with Soviet policy. In the suppression of the uprising were killed and wounded. Bottom line: officers and sailors who did not support the rebels were isolated. The rebels were arrested, the leader of the uprising, Valery Sablin, was shot by a court sentence, the rest of the uprising sentenced to imprisonment.
Year 1977
January 22. RSFSR, Novomoskovsk. Number of participants: 500-1000 people. Reason: it became known that police officers used assault and other rude acts against detained minors. Outraged residents nearly defeated the bullpen. Bottom line: 6 people were prosecuted.
Year 1978
14th of April. Georgian SSR, Tbilisi. Reason: adoption of the new constitution of the republic, in which Russian was declared the state language. Bottom line:: the demonstrations led to success - the authorities replaced the state language with Georgian in the constitution.
Year 1979
20 April. RSFSR, Moscow. Reason: rally staged by neo-Nazi groups, the first such event in the USSR.
Year 1981
20 April. RSFSR, Moscow. A rally staged by neo-Nazi groups, the first such event in the USSR. They were killed and wounded. Results: the police did not intervene, acting through the "lovers", soon to disperse the mass brawl, additional forces had to be called up, 6 people were arrested, this is the first major action of the "lovers"
October 24-26. RSFSR, Ordzhonikidze. The number of participants in the riots is about 10,000 people. Reason: Riots arose during the funeral of a murdered taxi driver. According to unverified data, there were victims, among them killed and wounded. Results: troops were brought into the city, riots were suppressed, 800 people were arrested, 40 were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment
Year 1984
August 22-23. RSFSR, Leninogorsk. The number of participants in the riots: about 1000 people. Reason: a police car ran into two girls, one of whom died as a result of an injury. The city police department was defeated. In a fight, 2 people were injured. Criminalized 13 people.
Year 1985
January 12th. Tajik SSR, Dushanbe. Number of participants: up to 700 people. Reason: fueled by nationalist cries, a crowd of Tajiks organized a mass beating of Russians at the cinema. There were killed and wounded. Result: mass fights were stopped by police, 5 instigators were arrested and subsequently convicted.
Year 1986
April 02 RSFSR, Yakutsk. Number of participants: up to 600 people Reason: skirmishes between youth of the Yakut and Russian nationalities based on national hostility. There were no injuries. Bottom line: 8 people were prosecuted
December 17-18. Kazakh SSR, Alma-Ata. The number of rioters is about 5,000. Reason: nationalist-minded students of a number of higher educational institutions expressed demands for a review of the decision of the plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Republic, which considered the organizational issue. Then the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan Kunaev was replaced by the Russian - Kolbin.
During the riots, 1,215 (1,137) people received injuries of varying degrees, of which 774 were military personnel and police officers. Two wounded citizens taken to hospital died. Results: 2,200 rioters were detained. Criminalized 107 people.
December 19-20. Kazakh SSR, Karaganda. Number of rioters: up to 300 people. Reason: Gennady Kolbin was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the republic. According to unverified data, there were victims. Bottom line: 5 people were prosecuted.
Year 1988
February 22. Azerbaijan SSR, Askeran. About 1,000 people participated in the riots. Reason: dissatisfaction with the requirements of the leadership of the Armenian SSR to withdraw Nagorno-Karabakh from the composition of the Azerbaijan SSR and to include its composition in the ARSSR. Two dead and nineteen wounded. Bottom line: riots suppressed by police.
February 27-29. Azerbaijan SSR, Sumgait. Sumgait pogrom. Reasons: dissatisfaction with the requirements of the leadership of the Armenian SSR to withdraw Nagorno-Karabakh from the composition of the Azerbaijan SSR and to include its structure in the ARSSR. During the riots 32 people were killed and more than 376 injured. Bottom line: more than 80 people were prosecuted, 1 was shot by a court verdict.
Year 1989
April 4-9 . Georgian SSR, Tbilisi. Georgian events of 1989. Reasons: dissatisfaction with the entry of Georgia into the USSR. During the clashes, 19 were killed and more than 4,000 people were injured. Results: the Georgian government resigned, criminal proceedings were instituted against the organizers of the rally, but a year later they were discontinued.
Year 1990
January 13-20. Azerbaijan SSR, Baku. The Armenian pogrom in Baku in 1990. Reasons: dissatisfaction with the requirements of the leadership of the Armenian SSR to withdraw Nagorno-Karabakh from the AzSSR and to include its structure in the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the pogroms, 48-90 people were killed and more than 300 wounded. Results: a mass exodus of Armenians began from Azerbaijan to Armenia.
June 4 - July 7. Kyrgyz SSR, Osh, Uzgen and a number of other cities and villages. Osh Massacre of 1990. Number of participants: about 35,000 people. Reason: Ethnic hostility between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. More than 1200 dead and a huge number of wounded. Results: about 300 people were prosecuted.
November 2. Moldavian SSR, Dubossary. The reason: the decision of the Moldovan government on independence, and the decision to create the Transnistrian republic. A firearm was used. Three killed and 16 wounded. Bottom line: Moldovan police failed to enter Dubossary.
Considering the uprisings and riots in the Soviet Union in peacetime, we can conclude that in most cases their reason was:
- political and social changes in society not perceived by an individual population, and in some cases turning into national liberation uprisings;
- social and national inequality;
- bringing people to extreme poverty and lack of rights:
- the irresponsible, and sometimes rude attitude of leaders of various ranks to the demands of citizens, unwillingness to admit that they are right, to understand the essence of the conflict with a view to resolving it peacefully;
- criminally provocative actions of the police, based on permissiveness and impunity;
- interethnic confrontation;
- inhuman detention of prisoners;
The causes of the uprisings and riots in the Soviet Union very much resemble the problems of modern Ukraine. Only so far without uprisings and riots. WHILE STILL.
Participants in the events themselves testified to the fact that people driven to despair during the uprisings were ready for the most extreme measures:
“These were terrible days. Bloodied people with weapons rushed through the streets, shouting:“ To kill! Kill reptiles! "It seemed that the battle was not between citizens, but between irreconcilable enemies," said a resident of Temirtau.
A note from one of the instigators of the rebellion in Temirtau addressed to the builders in the tent camp said: "Why don’t you come? We are shedding blood here ... Get ready - and we will put more of these bastards," that is, officials, policemen and military personnel.
Google Translate
