operations were predominately Iraq-based, but the
United States Department of State alleged that the group maintained an extensive
logistical network throughout the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Europe.
[240] In a June 2008
CNN special report, Al-Qaeda in Iraq was called "a well-oiled … organization … almost as pedantically bureaucratic as was Saddam Hussein's
Ba'ath Party", collecting new execution videos long after they stopped publicising them, and having a network of spies even in the US military bases. According to the report, Iraqis—many of them former members of Hussein's secret services—were now effectively running Al-Qaeda in Iraq, with "foreign fighters' roles" seeming to be "mostly relegated to the cannon fodder of suicide attacks", although the organization's top leadership was still dominated by non-Iraqis.
[241]
Decline
The high-profile attacks linked to the group continued through early 2007, as AQI claimed responsibility for attacks such as the March assassination attempt on Sunni Deputy
Prime Minister of Iraq Salam al-Zaubai, the April
Iraqi Parliament bombing, and the May capture and subsequent execution of
three American soldiers. Also in May, ISI leader al-Baghdadi was declared to have been killed in Baghdad, but his death was later denied by the insurgents; later, al-Baghdadi was even declared by the US to be non-existent. There were conflicting reports regarding the fate of al-Masri. From March to August, coalition forces fought the
Battle of Baqubah as part of the largely successful attempts to wrest the
Diyala Governorate from AQI-aligned forces. Through 2007, the majority of suicide bombings targeting civilians in Iraq were routinely identified by military and government sources as being the responsibility of al-Qaeda and its associated groups, even when there was no claim of responsibility, as was the case in the
2007 Yazidi communities bombings, which killed some 800 people in the deadliest terrorist attack in Iraq to date....
As of 2008, a series of US and Iraqi offensives managed to drive out the AQI-aligned insurgents from their former safe havens, such as the
Diyala and
Al Anbar governorates and the embattled capital of Baghdad, to the area of the northern city of
Mosul, the latest of the Iraq War's major battlegrounds.
[244] The struggle for control of
Ninawa Governorate—the
Ninawa campaign—was launched in January 2008 by US and Iraqi forces as part of the large-scale
Operation Phantom Phoenix, which was aimed at combating al-Qaeda activity in and around Mosul, and finishing off the network's remnants in central Iraq that had escaped
Operation Phantom Thunder in 2007....
In early 2009, US forces began pulling out of cities across the country, turning over the task of maintaining security to the
Iraqi Army, the
Iraqi Police Service and their paramilitary allies. Experts and many Iraqis were worried that in the absence of US soldiers the ISI might resurface and attempt mass-casualty attacks to destabilize the country.
[266] There was indeed a spike in the number of suicide attacks,
[267] and through mid- and late 2009, the ISI rebounded in strength and appeared to be launching a concerted effort to cripple the Iraqi government.
[268] During August and October 2009, the ISI claimed responsibility for four bombings targeting five government buildings in Baghdad, including attacks that killed 101
at the ministries of Foreign Affairs and Finance in August and 155
at the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works in September; these were the deadliest attacks directed at the new government in more than six years of war. These attacks represented a shift away from the group's previous efforts to incite sectarian violence, although
a series of suicide attacks in April targeted mainly Iranian Shia pilgrims, killing 76, and in June, a
mosque bombing in Taza killed at least 73 Shias from the
Turkmen ethnic minority.
In late 2009, the commander of the US forces in Iraq, General
Ray Odierno, stated that the ISI "has transformed significantly in the last two years. What once was dominated by foreign individuals has now become more and more dominated by Iraqi citizens". Odierno's comments reinforced accusations by the government of
Nouri al-Maliki that al-Qaeda and ex-
Ba'athists were working together to undermine improved security and sabotage the planned
Iraqi parliamentary elections in 2010.
[269] On 18 April 2010, the ISI’s two top leaders,
Abu Ayyub al-Masri and
Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near
Tikrit.
[270] In a press conference in June 2010, General Odierno reported that 80% of the ISI’s top 42 leaders, including recruiters and financiers, had been killed or captured, with only eight remaining at large. He said that they had been cut off from
Al Qaeda's leadership in Pakistan, and that improved intelligence had enabled the successful mission in April that led to the killing of al-Masri and al-Baghdadi; in addition, the number of attacks and casualty figures in Iraq for the first five months of 2010 were the lowest since 2003.
[271][272][273] In May 2011, the Islamic State of Iraq's "emir of Baghdad"
Huthaifa al-Batawi, captured during the crackdown after the
2010 Baghdad church attack in which 68 people died, was killed during an attempted prison break, during which an Iraqi general and several others were also killed.
[274][275]
On 16 May 2010,
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq;
[276] he had previously been the general supervisor of the group's provincial
sharia committees and a member of its senior consultative council.
[277] Al-Baghdadi replenished the group's leadership, many of whom had been killed or captured, by appointing former
Ba'athist military and intelligence officers who had served during the
Saddam Hussein regime. These men, nearly all of whom had spent time imprisoned by American forces, came to make up about one-third of Baghdadi's top 25 commanders. One of them was a former Colonel, Samir al-Khlifawi, also known as Haji Bakr, who became the overall military commander in charge of overseeing the group's operations.
[278][279]
In July 2012, al-Baghdadi’s first audio statement was released online. In this he announced that the group was returning to the former strongholds that US troops and their
Sunni allies had driven them from prior to the
withdrawal of US troops.
[280] He also declared the start of a new offensive in Iraq called
Breaking the Walls which would focus on freeing members of the group held in Iraqi prisons.
[280] Violence in Iraq began to escalate that month, and in the following year the group carried out 24 waves of
VBIED attacks and eight prison breaks. By July 2013, monthly fatalities had exceeded 1,000 for the first time since April 2008.
[281] The
Breaking the Walls campaign culminated in July 2013, with the group carrying out simultaneous raids on Taji and
Abu Ghraib prison, freeing more than 500 prisoners, many of them veterans of the
Iraqi insurgency.
[281][282]
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was declared a
Specially Designated Global Terrorist on 4 October 2011 by the
US State Department, with an announced reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.
[