And then, there was the problem of the veil. In 2001, we had 46% Muslims. In 2008 we had 80% Muslims. And all that increase was in the three years from 2006. There are two reasons for that. The number of Muslims in Antwerp increased. And because schools changed their headscarf rules, one by one, quietly, and in the end only three schools in the city allowed scarves.
At the beginning, I didn’t see a problem, we’d do a dialogue among Muslims. But then, because we were one of the only schools to allow scarves, we attracted a very conservative group, who identified very much with the veil. In 2003, the discussion was still, should we wear the veil or not. We did a fashion show on the theme of choice with girls wearing scarves or not. One girl wore half a scarf to show her uncertainty. We wanted girls to decide.
By 2008, discussion was how to wear the scarf. Not whether. In 2007-8 there were 15 girls who came with long robes, gloves, and only their faces showing. Scarves became longer and longer. I had a lot of confrontations with those girls, I said to them: “you’re spoiling the educational project.” I said to them: “you’re stigmatising yourselves. You’re breaking with society by wearing those clothes.”
They always said, “you’re stigmatising us”. In 2007 and 2008 I banned gloves, very long robes. Even that was hard for the girls. We saw girls starting to wear veils who had not before, and asked them why. They said they did not feel very comfortable without a scarf, I must be accepted. We had girls who wore scarves at school, but teachers saw them outside the school without scarves.
There was a sense that girls wearing veils were showing they were more pious. My view was each girl had the right to wear a scarf, to preserve equality. The last two years, there was a sense of a heavy, oppressive atmosphere over the schoolyard.
[Note from Charlemagne: On September 1st this year, the new school year began with scarves banned. On September 11th 2009, the Flemish education council passed a rule banning scarves across the 700 secular state schools it runs in Dutch-speaking Belgium. Those secular schools educate about 15% of Flemish pupils. The majority are taught in state-funded, religious denominated schools, which basically means Catholic schools in Flanders, though there are Jewish schools in Antwerp, home to a sizeable Hasidic community. Religious schools are free to draw up their own dress codes in Flanders: most Catholic schools in Antwerp have banned headscarves for a while. By 2008, only three schools in the city allowed scarves.]
Last Friday [September 11th], a group of five girls, 18 years old, came to me to say how grateful they were to me that I had done this. We feel freer, they said, you’ve no idea the pressure we were under.
[Q: what else changed over the past three years?]
We used to do a two day trip to Paris. For 15 year olds. Suddenly, in the last three years it was not possible. Suddenly their older brothers had to come too, it was a problem for them to stay overnight. In 2007, we cancelled the two day trip and it became a day trip, we left at 5 in the morning.
We used to go to Istanbul for a week with the 18 year olds, too. We chose that city as a crossing point of cultures. Then because of security fears, we decided to go to Italy instead of Istanbul. We chose Italy to give them a sense of humanism, of da Vinci. But, oh, the difficulties I had to explain to the students that they should be interested in our culture, for the sake of reciprocity. It hurt, when students said they were not interested in western culture.