What, then, of Bauer’s claim?
Bock summarizes Bauer’s thesis into two points (p 49):
- Originally, there were many “Christianities” – not a single orthodoxy with occasional minor heresies branching out from it. From the very beginning, heresies were dominant in some regions.
- Orthodoxy developed only because Rome used its power to squash the other Christianities.
First, do these alternate Christianities go back as far as orthodoxy? No, Bock says. All of Bauer’s claims for dominant heresies in the first century have been debunked by modern scholars,
6 and none of the recently discovered heretical Christian texts are as old as Paul’s letters and the Synoptic Gospels, which contain orthodox traditions.
Now, let me
add to Bock’s case against Bauer: The alternate Christianites also display more theological development away from Christianity’s roots: Judaism. We may never know for sure what the 1st-century Jewish Galilean ascetic prophet named
Yeshua7 preached, but it is almost inconceivable that any such person would preach anything like Gnosticism or Marcionism.
Second, did Rome create the orthodox church? No, Bock says again. Early orthodox Christianity can also be found in Jerusalem and especially Syria, from which our earliest known orthodox bishops and liturgies come. Moreover, Bauer’s main piece of evidence for Roman control – the letter of
1 Clement from a bishop of Rome to the church in Corinth – is flimsy. The letter is not a “ruling” but a persuasive letter, like the letters of Paul.
8
As Bock notes, both Bauer’s work and the newly discovered gospels do make important contributions to our understanding of early Christianity. But the two central claims of Bauer and the “new school” of Christian origins – that the earliest heresies had just as much claim to legitimacy as the orthodox tradition, and that Rome created orthodoxy by crushing the alternate forms – are either false or totally lacking in evidence.