The Supreme Court has issued several notable unanimous decisions this term, and on Thursday the Justices
delivered a resounding 9-0 blow for the rights of religiously observant workers.
Groff v. DeJoy concerned whether the U.S. Postal Service was required to make accommodations for an evangelical Christian mail carrier who refused to work on Sundays. When Gerald Groff began working for USPS, Sunday shifts weren’t part of the job. But that changed when USPS signed a deal to deliver Amazon parcels.
After receiving “progressive discipline” for not working Sundays, Mr. Groff resigned.
He sued under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which requires that employers “reasonably accommodate . . . an employee’s or prospective employee’s religious observance or practice” unless the employer is “unable” to do so “without undue hardship on the conduct of the employer’s business.”
Title VII doesn’t define “undue hardship.” But lower courts cited a line from the Court’s
Hardison precedent (1977), which describes it as a “more than a de minimis cost.” If an accommodation would violate a collective-bargaining agreement or impose more than a “de minimis cost” on co-workers, lower courts held that an employer is not required to offer an accommodation.
Not so, the Court says. Justice Samuel Alito explains for the Court that lower courts have misconstrued
Hardison. “A single, but oft-quoted, sentence in the opinion of the Court, if taken literally, suggested that even a pittance might be too much for an employer to be forced to endure,”
he writes. “It is doubtful that [this line] was meant to take on that large role.”
Hardison stated “three times that an accommodation is not required when it entails ‘substantial’ ‘costs’ or ‘expenditures,’” Justice Alito notes. “This formulation suggests that an employer may be required to bear costs and make expenditures that are not ‘substantial.’” There’s a big difference between costs that are more than de minimis and substantial.
An “undue hardship,” Justice Alito concludes, is “shown when a burden is substantial in the overall context of an employer’s business,” which is a fact-specific inquiry. He also stresses that employers must consider several reasonable options, not merely one.
The Court’s decision clears up its
Hardison confusion and provides welcome guidance to lower courts. Here’s to another High Court victory for religious pluralism.
In Groff v. DeJoy, the Justices rule that employers must give more leeway for religiously observant workers.
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