Global Investment in Wind and Solar Energy Is Outshining Fossil Fuels

[Old Rocks]

Investment is just spending money, and doesn't necessarily mean you'll see a profit from investing.

Anyone remember the billions of dollars of taxpayer's money Obama "invested" in bogus "green energy" and solar companies, only to see them go tits up?

I do.

Obama Legacy: List of Failed Obama Green Energy & Solar Companies: Losses in the Billions for Taxpayers. None Succeeded.

And you are a liar.

The U.S. Government Has Invested $34 Billion in Renewable Energy—and It’s Making a Profit

Is the United States government a savvier investor in green technology than Silicon Valley’s masters of the universe?

It sure looks like it, judging from the U.S. Department of Energy’s new report on the performance of its $34.3 billion portfolio of investments in solar power plants, wind farms, and other renewable energy projects. The Obama administration in 2009 charged the DOE’s Loan Programs Office with jump-starting cutting-edge green technology ventures deemed too risky and expensive to attract cash from private investors.







As of September, that portfolio had a loss rate of 2.28 percent and has made a profit of $30 million.

The typical loss rate for a venture capital firm’s portfolio? As many as 40 percent of those companies fail, according to a 2012 Harvard Business School study.

$30Mill on $30Bill? OK --- not bragging material. How'd they hide all the losses? Because AMERICAN solar died a pretty horrible death under the OBama Admin..

Of New Power Generation, How Much is on the Roof? - 2017 Update - Institute for Local Self-Reliance

In spite of the senile old fool in the White House, solar and wind are doing very well.

WOW !!! Pretty charts. Did you check in to see what that 12GW of wind investment is producing this week in the UK?? You sure do like to avoid the actual performance and metrics of these over-hyped over-subsidized trophies.... As for your charts --- 34% of almost nothing is still not much..

Grid demand has been in a dive for about a decade. No new capacity is really needed. Unless you're paying attention to the AGE of some of the workhorse generators. And see you really should be REPLACING them. But then -- that wouldn't be "new capacity" would it? Oh well. It was all very pretty..

LOL By God, you are turning to lying like Mr. Westwall now. Yes, the old generators wear out, and have to be replaced. And the people with the money and knowledge replace them with wind and solar. In fact, they are actually shutting down some coal fired plants that are not worn out, simply because it is cheaper for the utility to put in wind and solar, and scrap the old coal plant. In the meant time, the residential and small business market continues to boom across the nation. And, yes, those are US figures, continuing the increase in renewables in spite of having an admin completely hostile to that form of energy generation.

And the 129 MW/hr Tesla battery in South Australia has shown how well a grid scale battery functions in conjunction with renewables. So well, in fact, that it will have paid for itself in less than a year. A significant savings for the utility. And now the South Australian government and Tesla are working together to create a virtual power station that will save both the utility and the customer considerable money. But in your blind dislike of anything that is renewable, you won't even acknowledge how well these innovations are working. And remain blindly loyal to fossil fuels that are screwing up the environment.

 

[flacaltenn]

Gee.. Time for a stock market update on Solar ETFunds boys and girls..

What is that a Graph of? Link?

1. I made an ASS out of you and your claim showing EXLOSION of Solar from 2008-2012.

2. "Solar ETF Funds" (LOFL) ONLY SHOWS THE CHINESE TARGETING I NOTED.. and Increased Competition/PRODUCTION

DISHONEST GRAPH
RESIGN YOUR POST

3. Here is thru 2016

Game Over 2

And you are a DISHONEST MFer.
Who didn't post output but a deflecting graph.
3
You are NOT smart enuf to debate me.

I'm smart enough not to be TROLLED by you. That's for certain. All those numbers have to get divided by 3 or more. And it's FUCKING WIND. The source you can't write a contract for.

Hi --- I'm from Pennsylvania Electric System operator -- I'd like to buy 450MWatts of wind for next Tuesday from 4AM to Noon. What's the price?

Oh -- Tuesdays are bad for us lately maybe we could supply 15% on Tuesday and the rest spread out over the rest of the week?

Are you fucking kidding me? You ever SEE the daily production charts from a fucking wind farm? I'm betting your troll ass never has. Kinda IMPORTANT to such an "expert" like yourself -- dontchathink?

Wind Energy in Australia | April 2018 | Aneroid

Uncheck all the black boxes at the bottom of the graph except VIC1 and then NSW1. WHERE is the energy gonna come from when the all the wind in Victoria or New S. Wales dies in 15 minutes????

From a fucking big battery that Musk has sold them. Just like in South Australia.

That fucking "big battery" is MINUTES of storage for a large wind field. And we've been through this before. Most of that "small storage" that you're finding is NOT Brown-out storage. That would DAYS for wind generation and cost most than Australia is worth. Those small storage stations are to sync and control frequency and phase between nodes on the grids..

 

[flacaltenn]

Investment is just spending money, and doesn't necessarily mean you'll see a profit from investing.

Anyone remember the billions of dollars of taxpayer's money Obama "invested" in bogus "green energy" and solar companies, only to see them go tits up?

I do.

Obama Legacy: List of Failed Obama Green Energy & Solar Companies: Losses in the Billions for Taxpayers. None Succeeded.

And you are a liar.

The U.S. Government Has Invested $34 Billion in Renewable Energy—and It’s Making a Profit

Is the United States government a savvier investor in green technology than Silicon Valley’s masters of the universe?

It sure looks like it, judging from the U.S. Department of Energy’s new report on the performance of its $34.3 billion portfolio of investments in solar power plants, wind farms, and other renewable energy projects. The Obama administration in 2009 charged the DOE’s Loan Programs Office with jump-starting cutting-edge green technology ventures deemed too risky and expensive to attract cash from private investors.







As of September, that portfolio had a loss rate of 2.28 percent and has made a profit of $30 million.

The typical loss rate for a venture capital firm’s portfolio? As many as 40 percent of those companies fail, according to a 2012 Harvard Business School study.

$30Mill on $30Bill? OK --- not bragging material. How'd they hide all the losses? Because AMERICAN solar died a pretty horrible death under the OBama Admin..

Of New Power Generation, How Much is on the Roof? - 2017 Update - Institute for Local Self-Reliance

In spite of the senile old fool in the White House, solar and wind are doing very well.

WOW !!! Pretty charts. Did you check in to see what that 12GW of wind investment is producing this week in the UK?? You sure do like to avoid the actual performance and metrics of these over-hyped over-subsidized trophies.... As for your charts --- 34% of almost nothing is still not much..

Grid demand has been in a dive for about a decade. No new capacity is really needed. Unless you're paying attention to the AGE of some of the workhorse generators. And see you really should be REPLACING them. But then -- that wouldn't be "new capacity" would it? Oh well. It was all very pretty..

LOL By God, you are turning to lying like Mr. Westwall now. Yes, the old generators wear out, and have to be replaced. And the people with the money and knowledge replace them with wind and solar. In fact, they are actually shutting down some coal fired plants that are not worn out, simply because it is cheaper for the utility to put in wind and solar, and scrap the old coal plant. In the meant time, the residential and small business market continues to boom across the nation. And, yes, those are US figures, continuing the increase in renewables in spite of having an admin completely hostile to that form of energy generation.

And the 129 MW/hr Tesla battery in South Australia has shown how well a grid scale battery functions in conjunction with renewables. So well, in fact, that it will have paid for itself in less than a year. A significant savings for the utility. And now the South Australian government and Tesla are working together to create a virtual power station that will save both the utility and the customer considerable money. But in your blind dislike of anything that is renewable, you won't even acknowledge how well these innovations are working. And remain blindly loyal to fossil fuels that are screwing up the environment.

Never has wind or solar REPLACED a coal plant. The coal plants are shuttering because Nat Gas won the war. You need 100% primary back-up for either wind or solar. That means, nuclear, hydro, gas or garbage or geothermal. Take your pick. The wind and solar are REDUNDANT SUPPLEMENTS to allow throttling down of the primary generators whenever the wind blows or the sun is out.

 

[flacaltenn]

And the 129 MW/hr Tesla battery in South Australia has shown how well a grid scale battery functions in conjunction with renewables.

Hell NO -- it fucking does not. With 20 turbines at 6 Mwatts a piece -- that's ONE HOUR of field storage. Maybe TWO hours at 50% output. I've explained this to you before. The LOCAL storage is for adjusting freq/phase OR for giving the central operator TIME to adjust other RELIABLE sources on the grid when wind starts or quits working for the week..

That's not GRID scale. That should be a REQUIRED component just to protect the grid operation.

 

[Billy_Bob]

Wow, you really are ignorant aren't you. No, dummy, an appeal to authority is invalid the second that that authority has a financial stake in their opinion.

They have the Financial stake BECAUSE of Expert opinion and their own experience with previous solar and wind plants you Raging MORON.

appeal to authority
You said that because an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true.
Your logical fallacy is appeal to authority

It's important to note that this fallacy should not be used to dismiss the claims of experts, or scientific consensus. Appeals to authority are not valid arguments, but nor is it reasonable to disregard the claims of experts who have a demonstrated depth of knowledge unless one has a similar level of understanding and/or access to empirical evidence....​

These are scientists and Experienced industry experts/large companies. The vast majority, not their first go round.

Like many on this hideous board, you are too stupid to debate
You have position here no less.
Disastrous .
`

Let me explain to you whom you are dealing with..

I work for a power company these days as a meteorologist taking care of a 1800 turbine wind farm. Supervisors come to me to get authorization for work on their sites. I have multiple degrees and am currently a Phd candidate..

I can run circles around your ignorance as can Flactenn and Westwall.

LOL Mr. Burger flipper, you are a lying little fuck. You have repeatedly demonstrated your ignorance of even the most basic scientific knowledge, while claim a degree in atmospheric physics. Not only are the wind and solar farms here to stay, they will be the primary source of electricity for this nation in my lifetime.

Your battery from the failed Musk enterprise lasts just 15 minuets and takes 18-24 hours to recharge.. Its a sham...

Your a lying little puke...

 

[abu afak]

LOL By God, you are turning to lying like Mr. Westwall now. Yes, the old generators wear out, and have to be replaced. And the people with the money and knowledge replace them with wind and solar. In fact, they are actually shutting down some coal fired plants that are not worn out, simply because it is cheaper for the utility to put in wind and solar, and scrap the old coal plant. In the meant time, the residential and small business market continues to boom across the nation. And, yes, those are US figures, continuing the increase in renewables in spite of having an admin completely hostile to that form of energy generation. ..."

Solar is Replacing fossil sources especially re new energy, and almost certainly old, like coal.

The US has added more solar power than any other type of electricity in 2018 so far — more evidence of an energy revolution
Jeremy Berke - Jun. 13, 2018
BusinessInsider
The US has added more solar power than any other type of electricity in 2018 so far — more evidence of an energy revolution

• 
  
  • The US added more solar power than any other type of electricity in the first quarter of 2018.
  • Solar accounts for 55% of all US electricity added so far in 2018.
  • The number is evidence of a broader global shift: Investment in renewable energy for electricity is Overtaking fossil fuels.

According to a new report from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), a nonprofit group, the US solar market added 2.5 gigawatts of new capacity in the first three months of 2018, up 13% from the first quarter of 2017.

That accounts for 55% of all US electricity added in the first quarter of 2018, including fossil fuels and other forms of renewable energy.

"This data shows that solar has become a common-sense option for much of the US and is too strong to be set back for long," SEIA CEO Abigail Ross Hopper said in a statement."""

PS: and that doesn't even include Wind/other renewables.
With those, it's almost certainly app 2/3.
`

 

[SSDD]

LOL By God, you are turning to lying like Mr. Westwall now. Yes, the old generators wear out, and have to be replaced. And the people with the money and knowledge replace them with wind and solar. In fact, they are actually shutting down some coal fired plants that are not worn out, simply because it is cheaper for the utility to put in wind and solar, and scrap the old coal plant. In the meant time, the residential and small business market continues to boom across the nation. And, yes, those are US figures, continuing the increase in renewables in spite of having an admin completely hostile to that form of energy generation. ..."

Solar is Replacing fossil sources especially re new energy, and almost certainly old, like coal.

The US has added more solar power than any other type of electricity in 2018 so far — more evidence of an energy revolution
Jeremy Berke - Jun. 13, 2018
BusinessInsider
The US has added more solar power than any other type of electricity in 2018 so far — more evidence of an energy revolution

• 
  
  • The US added more solar power than any other type of electricity in the first quarter of 2018.
  • Solar accounts for 55% of all US electricity added so far in 2018.
  • The number is evidence of a broader global shift: Investment in renewable energy for electricity is Overtaking fossil fuels.

According to a new report from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), a nonprofit group, the US solar market added 2.5 gigawatts of new capacity in the first three months of 2018, up 13% from the first quarter of 2017.

That accounts for 55% of all US electricity added in the first quarter of 2018, including fossil fuels and other forms of renewable energy.

"This data shows that solar has become a common-sense option for much of the US and is too strong to be set back for long," SEIA CEO Abigail Ross Hopper said in a statement."""

PS: and that doesn't even include Wind/other renewables.
With those, it's almost certainly app 2/3.
`

Any multiple of next to nothing is still next to nothing.

 

[abu afak]

Any multiple of next to nothing is still next to nothing.

We're not talking 'multiples' here, we're talking MOST of the New electricity generation.
If that continues, the rest takes care of itself.
Most posters on your side realize this thread destroys their whole political persona/self-delusion and are trying to let this HAYMAKER die.
OUCH!
`

 

[Toddsterpatriot]

LOL By God, you are turning to lying like Mr. Westwall now. Yes, the old generators wear out, and have to be replaced. And the people with the money and knowledge replace them with wind and solar. In fact, they are actually shutting down some coal fired plants that are not worn out, simply because it is cheaper for the utility to put in wind and solar, and scrap the old coal plant. In the meant time, the residential and small business market continues to boom across the nation. And, yes, those are US figures, continuing the increase in renewables in spite of having an admin completely hostile to that form of energy generation. ..."

Solar is Replacing fossil sources especially re new energy, and almost certainly old, like coal.

The US has added more solar power than any other type of electricity in 2018 so far — more evidence of an energy revolution
Jeremy Berke - Jun. 13, 2018
BusinessInsider
The US has added more solar power than any other type of electricity in 2018 so far — more evidence of an energy revolution

• 
  
  • The US added more solar power than any other type of electricity in the first quarter of 2018.
  • Solar accounts for 55% of all US electricity added so far in 2018.
  • The number is evidence of a broader global shift: Investment in renewable energy for electricity is Overtaking fossil fuels.

According to a new report from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), a nonprofit group, the US solar market added 2.5 gigawatts of new capacity in the first three months of 2018, up 13% from the first quarter of 2017.

That accounts for 55% of all US electricity added in the first quarter of 2018, including fossil fuels and other forms of renewable energy.

"This data shows that solar has become a common-sense option for much of the US and is too strong to be set back for long," SEIA CEO Abigail Ross Hopper said in a statement."""

PS: and that doesn't even include Wind/other renewables.
With those, it's almost certainly app 2/3.
`

Love the picture at your link.

How is Ivanpah doing lately?

 

[Old Rocks]

Since PV is so much cheaper, more dependable, and lasts longer, it will beat out plants like Ivanpah. That was an experiment that showed the weaknesses of that type of system. Just as Fukushima and Three Mile Island showed the weaknesses of nuclear. But Ivanpah's failure endangered no one.

 

[abu afak]

Since PV is so much cheaper, more dependable, and lasts longer, it will beat out plants like Ivanpah. That was an experiment that showed the weaknesses of that type of system. Just as Fukushima and Three Mile Island showed the weaknesses of nuclear. But Ivanpah's failure endangered no one.

And it didn't impress anyone else either.
Internationally, 2/3 of New INDUSTRY spending is on Solar and Wind.. and in 2018 so far in the USA, 55% of all Generating capacity is Solar.
`

 

[abu afak]

22 June 2018
India to bring forward 100,000 megawatts of new solar power
India to bring forward 100,000 megawatts of new solar power

The Indian Government has signalled its intention to launch the Largest tender for new solar power capacity in the world.

Power Minister R K Singh told an event in New Delhi this week that the government plans to launch an unprecedented bid for 100,000 megawatts (MW) of new clean energy.

“The biggest tender was floated in Spain. We brought out a single tender of 10,000 MW which would be opened in July. Now we will bring out a bid of one lakh MW which would also include solar manufacturing and storage,” he told the event, according to The Economic Times. One lakh represents 100,000 units.

The 100,000MW tender, or 100 gigawatts (GW), would far exceed anything that has ever been constructed, although the minister didn’t provide exact timings for the project.

Saudi Arabia has announced similar plans to build a $200 billion solar project, with the first phase coming in at 7.2GW.

Mr Singh also told the audience that India has already brought forward 70 GW of renewable energy capacity, and has another 12.5 GW in development.

The minister has previously spoken of his confidence that India would surpass its target to build 175 gigawatts of renewable energy “well before 2022”.

It’s clear that India has started to accelerate its renewable energy ambitions in response to climate change and air pollution concerns. Last month it approved a 5,000 megawatt solar farm in the state of Gujarat, which will become one of the largest in the world. It has also adopted new targets this week to greatly increase the amount of offshore wind in the country.

A World Health Organisation report ranked India as having some of the most dangerously polluted cities in the world, something which hasn’t gone unnoticed within the government.​

 

[SSDD]

Any multiple of next to nothing is still next to nothing.

We're not talking 'multiples' here, we're talking MOST of the New electricity generation.
If that continues, the rest takes care of itself.
Most posters on your side realize this thread destroys their whole political persona/self-delusion and are trying to let this HAYMAKER die.
OUCH!
`

Tell me...do you actually believe your spew, or are you just yanking chains?

If you actually believe it, then here is a clue for you....you are delusional.

 

[abu afak]

Any multiple of next to nothing is still next to nothing.

We're not talking 'multiples' here, we're talking MOST of the New electricity generation.
If that continues, the rest takes care of itself.
Most posters on your side realize this thread destroys their whole political persona/self-delusion and are trying to let this HAYMAKER die.
OUCH!
`

Tell me...do you actually believe your spew, or are you just yanking chains?

If you actually believe it, then here is a clue for you....you are delusional.

Yes, I not only believe it, I've backed it throughout the thread, as well as my last you Whiffed on.
Do you have any Refutation of what I said...or just the usual empty wisecrack/trolling?
`

 

[bripat9643]

Contrary to what you'll here from most here, incl half skookerAssbil's posts, people DO care.
It's cost-effective, creating jobs, AND a better planet.
**** the Throwback and Trumpov... Coal IS Dead
THIS is why China put Solar on Priority and put alot of Western mfg out of Biz.
Wall Street Journal:

Global Investment in Wind and Solar Energy Is Outshining Fossil Fuels
In 2016, about $297 billion was spent on renewables—compared with $143 billion on new nuclear, coal, gas and fuel-oil power plants,
By Russell Gold - Wall Street Journal
June 11, 2018
Global Investment in Wind and Solar Energy Is Outshining Fossil Fuels

Global spending on renewable energy is outpacing investment in electricity from coal, natural gas and nuclear power plants, driven by Falling costs of producing wind/solar power.

More than Half of the power-generating capacity added around the world in recent years has been in renewable sources such as wind/solar, according to the Int'l Energy Agency.

In 2016, the latest year for which data is available, about $297 billion was spent on renewables—more than twice the $143 billion spent on new nuclear, coal, gas and fuel oil power plants, according to the IEA. The Paris-based organization projects renewables will make up 56% of net generating capacity added through 2025.
Once supported overwhelmingly by cash-back incentives, tax credits and other government incentives, wind/solar-generation costs have fallen consistently for a decade, making renewable-power investment more competitive.

Renewable costs have fallen so far in the past few years that “Wind and Solar now represent the Lowest-cost option for generating electricity,” said Francis O’Sullivan, research director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Energy Initiative.

This is beginning to disrupt the business of making electricity and manufacturing generating equipment. Both General Electric Co. and Siemens AG are grappling with diminished demand for large gas-burning turbines and have announced layoffs. Meanwhile, mostly Asian-based manufacturers of solar panels are flourishing....
​

WSJ is by subscription, and I can't post the rest due to OP Space constraints.
However, if anyone requests I could post the balance at some point.
`

Another way to say that is that wind and solar are not cost effective. They cost twice the price for only a small percentage of the output of coal and natural gas.

 

[Dan Stubbs]

Contrary to what you'll here from most here, incl half skookerAssbil's posts, people DO care.
It's cost-effective, creating jobs, AND a better planet.
**** the Throwback and Trumpov... Coal IS Dead
THIS is why China put Solar on Priority and put alot of Western mfg out of Biz.
Wall Street Journal:

Global Investment in Wind and Solar Energy Is Outshining Fossil Fuels
In 2016, about $297 billion was spent on renewables—compared with $143 billion on new nuclear, coal, gas and fuel-oil power plants,
By Russell Gold - Wall Street Journal
June 11, 2018
Global Investment in Wind and Solar Energy Is Outshining Fossil Fuels

Global spending on renewable energy is outpacing investment in electricity from coal, natural gas and nuclear power plants, driven by Falling costs of producing wind/solar power.

More than Half of the power-generating capacity added around the world in recent years has been in renewable sources such as wind/solar, according to the Int'l Energy Agency.

In 2016, the latest year for which data is available, about $297 billion was spent on renewables—more than twice the $143 billion spent on new nuclear, coal, gas and fuel oil power plants, according to the IEA. The Paris-based organization projects renewables will make up 56% of net generating capacity added through 2025.
Once supported overwhelmingly by cash-back incentives, tax credits and other government incentives, wind/solar-generation costs have fallen consistently for a decade, making renewable-power investment more competitive.

Renewable costs have fallen so far in the past few years that “Wind and Solar now represent the Lowest-cost option for generating electricity,” said Francis O’Sullivan, research director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Energy Initiative.

This is beginning to disrupt the business of making electricity and manufacturing generating equipment. Both General Electric Co. and Siemens AG are grappling with diminished demand for large gas-burning turbines and have announced layoffs. Meanwhile, mostly Asian-based manufacturers of solar panels are flourishing....
​

WSJ is by subscription, and I can't post the rest due to OP Space constraints.
However, if anyone requests I could post the balance at some point.
`

That should make the Nation of China very happy since most of the panels are made in that Nation..

 

[abu afak]

That should make the Nation of China very happy since most of the panels are made in that Nation..

Actually that's not the issue here.. Emissions and world Power industry Decisions are.

And of course the US has a good percentage of it's own market tho probably a minority, but domestic panels will likely Grow due to Trump's 30% Tariff ON Solar Pnales leveled last January 1...before the rest just levied. And we have our own installation.

We also import more oil than we export (10 mil vs 7 mil).
`

 

[bripat9643]

That should make the Nation of China very happy since most of the panels are made in that Nation..

Actually that's not the issue here.. Emissions and world Power industry Decisions are.

And of course the US has a good percentage of it's own market tho probably a minority, but domestic panels will likely Grow due to Trump's 30% Tariff ON Solar Pnales leveled last January 1...before the rest just levied. And we have our own installation.

We also import more oil than we export (10 mil vs 7 mil).
`

What the hell are "world Power industry Decisions?" Don't firms make their own decisions?

 

[abu afak]

What the hell are "world Power industry Decisions?" Don't firms make their own decisions?

See the OP and others. Some by Firms, some by Countries.
Jointly, Firms are called "The Industry".
The usual Idiotic post by you.
`

 

[abu afak]

Most Popular Energy Source? Everyone Loves Solar
Most Popular Energy Source? Everyone Loves Solar

A recent survey shows yet again that solar panels (and wind turbines) have a level of bipartisan popularity that would be the envy of any politician. That means we'll have something safe to talk about at the next barbecue after all.

The survey, from the Pew Research Center, had a lot of fascinating findings about the surprisingly high levels of agreement among Americans on a range of environmental issues, with strong majorities saying that the federal government is doing too little on water quality, air quality and climate change.

What really caught my eye, though, were the pieces specifically dealing with energy. The numbers on public support for expanding different energy sources, in particular, are stunning (figure 1).

Figure 1. Source: Pew Survey on Environment 2018


Think about that: 9 out of 10 adults in this country agree that more solar farms would be a good thing. And 8.5 out of 10 feel the same way about wind farms.

The survey report calls "[r]obust support for expanding solar and wind power ... a rare point of bipartisan consensus in how the U.S. views energy policies." And here's the breakdown by political leaning showing that bipartisanship (figure 2).

Figure 2. Source: Pew Survey on Environment 2018


Diving in even further doesn't do much to dispel the sense of bipartisanship (figure 3); even self-described "conservative Republicans" overwhelmingly favor expanding solar farms (80 percent) and wind farms (71 percent).

Figure 3. Source: Pew Survey on Environment 2018

[......]
​