America was founded on the principle that a group of people organized into a sub-unit of a large unit have the natural right to peacefully separate from the parent unit. From an article of mine on the Civil War:
In order to believe that the framers intended the federal government to have the right to compel a state to remain in the Union, one would have to ignore the fact that the framers rejected the idea of allowing the federal government to use force against a state. One would also have to believe that the founders gave the federal government a right that they didn’t believe the British government possessed. George Washington and many other Patriots believed the British were “unjust invaders” for attempting to force the colonies to remain under British control against their will, and they resented being called “rebels” and “traitors” for wanting independence (see, for example, Washington’s 13 January 1777 letter to Lord William Howe, the commander of the British forces in America at the time). James Madison said England’s attempt to force the colonies to submit to British authority was “unjust and unwise” (Federalist Paper Number 46). When American Patriots met in Philadelphia in 1775 and issued a declaration on their reasons for taking up arms, they made it clear they didn’t like being called “rebels” and “traitors“:
The general [British general Thomas Gage], further emulating his ministerial masters, by a proclamation bearing date on the 12th day of June, after venting the grossest falsehoods and calumnies against the good people of these colonies, proceeds to “declare them all, either by name or description, to be rebels and traitors, to supersede the course of the common law, and instead thereof to publish and order the use and exercise of the law martial." ("A Declaration by the Representatives of the United Colonies of North-America, Now Met in Congress at Philadelphia, Setting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Their Taking Up Arms," July 6, 1775)
Continental Army surgeon James Thacher didn't like the label of "rebels" either--he complained of being “stigmatized” as “rebels” by the enemy:
The great majority of the people are happily united in the resolution to oppose, to the uttermost, the wicked attempts of the English cabinet. This class of people have assumed the appellation of Whigs; but by our enemies are stigmatized by the name of Rebels. (Journal of James Thacher, 1775)
Our Patriot forefathers also had a lot to say about the coloniesÂ’ natural right to self-government and independence. Samuel Adams talked about natural rights and the fact that every natural right not expressly surrendered remains with the people:
All men have a right to remain in a state of nature as long as they please; and in case of intolerable oppression, civil or religious, to leave the society they belong to, and enter into another.
When men enter into society, it is by voluntary consent; and they have a right to demand and insist upon the performance of such conditions and previous limitations as form an equitable original compact.
Every natural right not expressly given up, or, from the nature of a social compact, necessarily ceded, remains."
All positive and civil laws should conform, as far as possible, to the law of natural reason and equity." ("The Rights of the Colonists," November 1772)
In fact, Adams said the people's sovereignty is so absolute that even if they should, for whatever reason, renounce an essential natural right, that right remained with them anyway:
If men, through fear, fraud, or mistake, should in terms renounce or give up any essential natural right, the eternal law of reason and the grand end of society would absolutely vacate such renunciation." (“The Rights of the Colonists”)
Thomas Paine:
Every thing that is right or natural pleads for separation. . . . A government of our own is our natural right. (Common Sense, Philadelphia: W. & T. Bradford, 1776, III:19, 50, emphasis added)
Richard Henry Lee:
Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. (Resolution of Richard Henry Lee, Journals of the Continental Congress, June 7, 1776)
The Sons of Liberty of Connecticut adopted a resolution that said the people had the right to reassume the authority they had delegated:
Resolved. 1st. That every form of government rightfully founded, originates from the consent of the people.
2d. That the boundaries set by the people in all constitutions are the only limits within which any officer can lawfully exercise authority.
3d. That whenever those bounds are exceeded, the people have a right to reassume the exercise of that authority which by nature they had before they delegated it to individuals. (Connecticut Resolutions on the Stamp Act, December 10, 1765, emphasis added)
John Adams, a key figure in the American Revolution who later became our second president, echoed these thoughts. He taught that the ultimate powers of government belonged to the citizens of the colonies, that the powers with which parliament and even the king ruled were in reality delegated powers that belonged to the citizens of each colony, and that those citizens had the right to resume those powers whenever they felt they were being misused badly enough. In fact, Adams viewed these principles as “the root and branch of the colonial cause.”
These principles are nothing more or less than the right of secession--one could also call this right the right of separation or the right of independence, as the Patriots usually did. Adams expressed these principles in his famous exchange with a Tory pen-named Massachusettensis (Adams, in turn, wrote under the pen name of Novanglus). (
Southern Side of the Civil War)