Select excerpts;
...
Operation Cyclone was the code name for the
United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the
Afghan mujahideen in
Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the
military intervention by the
USSR in support of the
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The mujahideen were also supported by Britain's
MI6, who conducted separate covert actions. The program leaned heavily towards supporting militant Islamic groups, including groups with
jihadist ties, that were favored by the regime of
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in neighboring
Pakistan, rather than other, less ideological Afghan resistance groups that had also been fighting the Soviet-oriented
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan administration since before the Soviet intervention.
[1]
Operation Cyclone was one of the longest and most expensive covert CIA operations ever undertaken.
[2] Funding officially began with $695,000 in 1979,
[3][4] was increased dramatically to $20–$30 million per year in 1980, and rose to $630 million per year in 1987,
[1][5][6] described as the "biggest bequest to any Third World insurgency".
[7] Funding continued (albeit reduced) after the 1989 Soviet withdrawal as the mujahideen continued to battle the forces of President
Mohammad Najibullah's army during the
Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
....
NOTE: That huge funding increase was largely the result of efforts by:
... "Key proponents of the initial program were Texas Congressman
Charlie Wilson;
Michael G. Vickers, a young CIA paramilitary officer; and
Gust Avrakotos, the CIA's regional head, who developed a close relationship with Wilson. ..."
...
... "Their strategy was to provide a broad mix of weapons, tactics, and logistics, along with training programs, to enhance the rebels' ability to fight a guerilla war against the Soviets. Initially, to avoid detection of U.S. involvement, the program supplied the rebels only with Soviet-made weaponry. This plan was enabled by the tacit support of Israel, which had captured large stockpiles of Soviet-made weaponry during the
Yom Kippur War and agreed to sell them to the CIA clandestinely, as well as
Egypt, which had recently modernized its army with weapons purchased from Western nations, funneling the older Soviet-made arms to the mujahideen.
[30][31] ... "
...
... "The distribution of the weaponry relied heavily on the
Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who had a personal relationship to Congressman Wilson. His
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was an intermediary for funds distribution, passing of weapons, military training and financial support to Afghan resistance groups.
[33] Along with funding from similar programs from Britain's
MI6 and
SAS, Saudi Arabia, and the
People's Republic of China,
[34] the ISI armed and trained over 100,000 insurgents between 1978 and 1992.[
citation needed] They encouraged the volunteers from the Arab states to join the Afghan resistance in its struggle against the Soviet troops based in Afghanistan.
[33] ... "
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So we see that it was not just the USA, but several other nations, some seeming unlikely "allies" involved here.
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... "Reagan's program assisted in ending the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan,
[51][52] with the Soviets unable to quell the insurgency. On 20 July 1987, the
withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country was announced pursuant to the negotiations that led to the
Geneva Accords of 1988,
[53] with the last Soviets leaving on 15 February 1989. Soviet forces suffered over 14,000 killed and missing, and over 50,000 wounded.[
citation needed] The withdrawal helped precipitate the
dissolution of the Soviet Union itself.
[5]" ...
~~~~~~~~~~~
...
Some have alleged that bin Laden and al Qaeda were beneficiaries of CIA assistance. This is challenged by experts such as
Coll—who notes that declassified CIA records and interviews with CIA officers do not support such claims
[70]—and
Peter Bergen, who argues: "It's worth mentioning here that there is simply no evidence for the common myth that bin Laden and his Afghan Arabs were supported by the CIA financially. Nor is there any evidence that CIA officials at any level met with bin Laden or anyone in his circle."
[71] Bergen insists that U.S. funding went to the
Afghan mujahideen, not the
Arab volunteers who arrived to assist them.
[72] ...
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Sometimes, seemingly short term focused agendas can have long-term results and impacts!
en.wikipedia.org