The middle class consisted of many professions.
It included doctors, lawyers, clergymen, teachers, bankers, factory owners, with shopkeepers probably considered as lower middle class. There was an increased need for teachers during the course of the 1800s as the public school system expanded, and a lot of middle class women took up teaching as a profession, it was a respectable way for single women to earn a living. This also led to an increase of educational opportunities for women, the first institutes of higher education for women in America were teacher training colleges, beginning in the 1830s. Writing was another way middle class women made a living, there were a number of very successful women novelists, and some women were successful in journalism. Nursing became a respectable occupation for middle class women from the 1850s, due to the reforms of Florence Nightingale, which raised the status of nursing as a profession. Women were also making inroads into office work and library work by the late 1800s, and a few ambitious women were making their way into medicine and law.
UCLA economists Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian are among those who believe the New Deal caused the Depression to persist longer than it would otherwise have, concluding in a study that the "New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression as President Roosevelt and his economic planners had hoped," but that the "New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression." They claim that the New Deal "cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery." They say that the "abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s." Cole and Ohanian claimed that FDR's policies prolonged the Depression by 7 years.
I believe these economists as do millions of us, who think that the New Deal caused the prolonged depression.
Just like today, Obama's policies are causing a weak recovery.
It was WWII that brought more people into the middle class, not FDR's polices.
The work created was to help rebuild a War torn Europe.
Yes indeed. But by a ratio of at least 50 to 1, most economists do not believe for a second that fdr prolonged the depression. You picked a pair of well discredited economists, who are quoted primarily in the bat shit crazy con web sites.
Relative to what went on during the great depression, you seem to have no clue. As in the fact that the start of the great depression was in 1929, and by the time fdr became pres in march or '33, the ue rate was well over 20% from about 3% in early 1929. So, yeah, that do nothing and let the market recover was really working well. Dipshit.
Discredited ?
Then they should never have been consultants for the Federal Reserve.
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Please. Let me enjoy this moment. A con who is suggesting that working for the FED is a recommendation. Please, let me know if you have some reason to say that such credentials make a phd more capable than any other, and why.
Many Historians and economists believe that FDR's policies prolonged the great depression.
No. Only 10 of 20,000 did. The other 19,990 thought fdr's policies were supernatural. Making stupid statements about MANY of anything is rather useless. Few did in comparison with the thousands that did not.
What you should understand is that there are always bought and paid for politicians and economists. You can get many of any of these folks to go along with whatever the far right wants them to say. Like, for instance, many of those that publish in the Wall Street Journal OPED pages. Owned and run by the same guy that owns and runs FOX. And you will always find support for them in the bat shit crazy con web sites. So, how about opinions of normal, independent economists??? Damned few would sign of on these guy's views.
One of the first things that tips you off is that they throw out the jobs created by stimulus programs set up by fdr in order to make the ue rate look much higher than it was. Here are a few of those jobs;
"The government hired about 60 per cent of the unemployed in public works and conservation projects that planted a billion trees, saved the whooping crane, modernized rural America, and built such diverse projects as the Cathedral of Learning in Pittsburgh, the Montana state capitol, much of the Chicago lakefront, New York’s Lincoln Tunnel and Triborough Bridge complex, the Tennessee Valley Authority and the aircraft carriers Enterprise and Yorktown.
It also built or renovated 2,500 hospitals, 45,000 schools, 13,000 parks and playgrounds, 7,800 bridges, 700,000 miles of roads, and a thousand airfields. And it employed 50,000 teachers, rebuilt the country’s entire rural school system, and hired 3,000 writers, musicians, sculptors and painters, including Willem de Kooning and Jackson Pollock."
The right-wing New Deal conniption fit - Salon.com
The right has been pushing this nonsense for decades. Problem is, these were jobs that paid the bills for families and allowed those so employed to buy things that caused others to be hired completely outside of government stimulus jobs. And by the way, the vast majority of those getting those jobs were in private companies. But probably most important, those trying to rewrite the history of the fdr stimulus programs have waited until most of those so employed are no longer with us. Had they not waited, the agenda driven clowns writing this drivel would have had their asses kidked across the country by a whole lot of oldsters, and their spouses.
President Roosevelt believed that excessive competition was responsible for the Depression.
His anti competition and pro labor polices prolonged the depression.
Now, I am sure you have an impartial source for this bit of nonsense?? Of course not. No one considered the cause of the depression to be excessive competition. There is some truth to a problem with the NRA during that time, which attempted to fix prices and wage rates, with less than great results. But overall, just another attempt at revisionism.
It was not excessive competition that caused the depression.
Yup, and no one with any import thought it did.
The crash in 1929 was because of banks giving out credit to investors and investors making the market into a short term investment rather than a long term investment.
No, me poor economic wasteland. There were many reasons for the great depression. And the crash of '29 was essentially because banks were able to do what banks tend to do. They made bad loans, and made bad decesions about when to call defaults on loans. But even before, the lack of regulation in the economy was making for a wealthy upper class, and making for a very unstable middle class. Which cause a whole lot of problems. Most notably, a lack of demand.
It didn't help with the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank that helped banks to make those risky credits.
Yup, they should not have made those risky credits. Nor those ugly vaults.
I suspect you meant risky loans. Partially a cause. But when the middle class is getting hurt financially, and can not buy what they did, then companies stop expanding. And companies can not pay their loan payments. And there is little interest in new loans. And then, next thing you know, you find bankers trying to make all they can as fast as they can. And investments go through the roof. And the stock market rises like a rocket. All based on bankers making bets with other people's money. And because, since they were not regulated, they could. And those securities were not worth their printed value, by a long shot. And the net result was 1929,
Now, since you think that those fdr stimulus programs were bad, then perhaps you are now ready to answer the question I asked you last time. In the five years prior to the March 1933 inaguration of fdr, the gov did as you believe it should have, and stayed out of the way of business. And the unemployment rate went up over 20%. Why is it that you would think anyone would believe doing as they did during that period of time would be a good idea after fdr took office? Or in other words, the definition of crazy is doing the same thing and expecting a different outcome. Seems obvious that someone who expects better results is, techically, bat shit crazy.