Babylonian Talmud Tractate Sanhedrin 43a.
This is the most significant text in the Talmud dealing with the crucifixion of Yeshua outside of the Gospels. It is based on the Mishnah of Sanhedrin. The Mishnah was collected by Rabbi Judah the Nasi, the President, who lived in Zippori, the Jewish capital city in the Galilee, located about three miles from Nazareth. Rabbi Judah died in the year 210 CE. The Mishnah was finished just before the year 210 CE.
MISHNAH.
GEMARA - Talmud
What does it mean that Yeshua was connected with royalty or with the government? To which royalty was he related? The only possibility is to go to the house of David. It was unfathomable to imagine that Yeshua was related to the house of Herod. From the very beginning, Yeshua was born according to prophetic predictions in Bethlehem. Yeshua visited Jerusalem several times during the three years of his ministry, but the story of the entrance on a donkey is associated only with Yeshua’s coming with his disciples for the last Passover feast before his crucifixion, also in fulfillment of prophecy. Yeshua’s burial in a rich man’s grave is also a fulfillment of prophecy.
The text continues with a strange story about the disciples of Yeshu.
One of the fascinating things about this song about five disciples of Yeshua is a pattern in ancient Talmudic and Pharisaic literature that was used to defame or reject a disciple who had left the acceptable track. The pattern had a standard example of five disciples of the great Rabbi and described how the five disciples fell into sinful or deviant lifestyles and hence were rejected by the great Rabbi that they served and followed. There is a pattern in the text above of condemnation of Yeshua and his disciples. There is a name of a disciple of Yeshua and a condemnation of that disciple. Then came the justification of the condemnation and the approval for the execution of that disciple. The text used by the accusers is, of course, a text used out of context with no direct connection with the substance of the accusation. This is a kind of Rabbinical court, and the condemnation is fabricated with a clear prejudicial use of the biblical texts. The Talmudic Rabbis go through every one of the supposed disciples of Yeshua and condemn them to death. However, this text is a polemic text that is produced as a fabrication, a fake courthouse, a fake condemnation, and a fake accusation with a fake death verdict. Contrary to the plain use of this negative propaganda, this is a paradigm that repeats itself with other cases of Rabbinical condemnation of disciples of famous Rabbis.
The story of the execution of Yeshua in The Talmud (tractate of Sanhedrin, page 43) has the Sanhedrin judging Yeshua and executing him after a trial. There are neither Romans in the story nor a cross in this Rabbinical fabrication. The story does have some interesting points that add to our understanding of how Yeshua was viewed by the Rabbis in later centuries.
An example of this pattern is found in the story of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai who lived in the time of Yeshua and also predicted the fall of Jerusalem and the temple 40 years before the event.
Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai had five disciples, and they were these:
Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah, Rabbi Yose, the priest, Rabbi Shimon ben Nethaneel, and Rabbi Eleazar ben Arach.
A specific outstanding virtue was attached to each of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai’s disciples that was later turned into a negative.
Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus is a plastered cistern that loses not a drop.
Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah, happy is the woman who gave birth to him.
Rabbi Yose, the priest, is a pious man.
Rabbi Simeon ben Nethanel is one who fears sin, and
Rabbi Eleazar ben Arach is like a spring that [ever] gathers force.
It is interesting that great Rabbis are reported in the Talmud to have five disciples, and each disciple is reported to have positive qualities that make him worthy of being a disciple of the great Rabbi. It is clear that the Talmud is following a set tradition and not a true historical reality. Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai had many more than five disciples; we know this from his departing from Jerusalem in a coffin, as was permitted by the Romans to take the dead out of the city for burial during the siege of the city. Rabbi Ben-Zakkai was in the coffin pretending to be dead, and his disciples accompanied him from Jerusalem to Yavne (Jamnia south of Jaffa on the road to Gaza).
Yeshua had 12 disciples, but the Talmudic Rabbis of the later centuries (4th or 5th centuries CE) had memories or even earlier texts that used this pattern of five disciples.
The text about the execution of Yeshu’s disciples is absolutely fascinating, and it reveals the five building blocks of our faith in Yeshua. Revealed through the five names of the disciples is a song of praise of Yeshua, praise for the five things that he did for us, presented as the core of the Good News.
- Mattahi – it is a Hebrew word indicating time that translates as ”When!” - In the right time, Yeshua appeared on the stage of Israel’s history.
- Nakai – a Hebrew word, translates as clean, not guilty, or innocent.
- Nezer – A Hebrew word translating as "branch." Used in the following context in the Hebrew Bible: “There shall comeforth a Rod from the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots.” (Isaiah 11:1 NKJV) The word “BRANCH” in Isaiah 11 is clearly used as a messianic text! The Hebrew word for Christian is Notzri, which is from the same root as NETZER in Isaiah. So, this text clearly points to the Messiah. In this early song, we see the attributes of the Messiah, and Yeshua fulfills them all, including that he is the branch of Jesse, King David’s family. We see the same relationship in Jeremiah 23:5, “Behold, the days are coming,” says the LORD, “That I will raise to David a Branch of righteousness; A King shall reign and prosper and execute judgment and righteousness in the earth.” In this messianic text, we see a repetition of the same motif of Branch as related to King David.
- Buni – a Hebrew word that translates as either Son or Builder. The Talmudic text here brings the verse, “My Son my First Born!” This text corresponds to “Yet I have set My King on My holy hill of Zion. I will declare the decree: The LORD has said to Me, ‘You are My Son, Today I have begotten You.’” (Psalm 2:6-7 NKJV)
- Todah – a Hebrew word that translates as “Thank You” or “Thanksgiving”! The thanksgiving is for all of the earlier four aspects of the Messianic advent. Sacrifices of Thanksgiving were not commanded specifically, but instead were performed from a person’s free will: “And when you offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving to the LORD, offer it of your own free will.” (Leviticus 22:29 NKJV). The crucifixion of Yeshua was not something that was organized and commanded by God, but it was the free will and design of the people to deliver Yeshua to the Romans and to ask the governor Pontius Pilates to sacrifice this man, even though he didn’t understand why or for what reason but was willing to please the Pharisees for political reasons. There are two verses that are interesting in this context: Psalm 50 : 14 ”Offer to God thanksgiving, and pay your vows to the Highest. 23 Whoever offers praise glorifies Me; And to him who orders his conduct aright I will show the salvation of God.” (Psalm 50:14, 23 NKJV)
Read this article by Joseph Shulam to learn about the mentions of Yeshua in Jewish literature, contradictions in talmudic accounts and much more.
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