Do you know that what you stated above is incorrect?
Really? Please explain why it is incorrect.
Well for one thing this has been explained repeatedly on this board so either the OP has challenges when it comes to reading comprehension that prevents her from understanding the material or she doesn't want to understand it due to it being contrary to her beliefs and prejudices against Black people.
Her premise is that Black people commit more crime, are more criminally inclined and/or have higher crime rates than white people. Her "proof" allegedly are the FBI's crime statistics, other than that, she's unable to support her claim (because it's not true).
She can't answer any questions about how these numbers that she's relying upon came to be, she can only draw erroneous conclusions that "Black people commit more crime than white people".
1. FBI crime statistics last time I looked only document arrests, they do not follow-up with the final disposition of the cases. Also reporting is voluntary and I have not seen anything that indicates what if anything is missing from their stats
2. Since the end of slavery in 1865, the end of "separate but equal" by the landmark SCOTUS case "
Brown v Board of Education" in 1954, and finally the end of state and federal lawful discrimination and Jim Crow/Black Codes by the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, in fact, more than 20 years after having been found in violation the first time and 30 years after the passage of these civil rights laws, the New Jersey State Troopers were found to have engaged in unlawful racial profiling that targeted minorities:
T R E N T O N, N.J., Oct. 12, 2000 -- State police commanders knew troopers were targeting minority drivers at least three years before the state admitted racial profiling existed, according to internal agency documents.
A 1996 memo to then-superintendent Col. Carl Williams showed that troopers had for years overwhelmingly stopped minority motorists more than whites.
In a three-month period in 1994, 94 percent of New Jersey Turnpike motorists stopped by troopers from one barracks were minorities.
How any white offenders do you think slipped through because they were for the most part ONLY looking for Black and Hispanic motorists?
What impact do you think this type of unconstitutional racial profiling has on the FBI's stats? This is just one law enforcement agency out of roughly 18,000.
3. Racial Bias in our criminal as well as civil justice system is a known problem. I attended a conference where the Washington Defender Association conducted a training session on countering implicit biases in our Washington State court system. I was honestly surprised that this groups of attorneys and other professionals openly acknowledge the challenges this presents to Black people. If you are black
and poor then your chances for successfully resolving your case go down even more. Not surprisingly, this is by design. And this applies to everyone in the process, from the social workers and those in child protective services all of the way up through the patrol officers, the detectives who make recommendation to the prosecutor's office, the attorneys including those in the civil system, as well as the judges.
If there is known and acknowledged racial bias happening in full view of the guardians of our legal system and they seem uninterested in doing anything to oppose it, how might you imagine that would impact the FBI statics?
This article is about biases in context of research but it's just as applicable to many facets of our legal system:
1. Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is when data is analysed and interpreted to confirm hypotheses and expectations. It is one of the most detrimental biases found in user research. A researcher’s role is to be a source of truth, even if the findings contradict expectations. Remember that all findings, positive or negative, are valid and should be reported on.
2. The Hawthorne effect
The Hawthorne effect occurs when participants are aware they are being observed and can result in them deviating away from natural behaviour. It is difficult but possible to mitigate against the Hawthorne effect. Clearly communicate that the research is not testing the participant in any way and that there are no right or wrong answers. Create a calm space in which participants feel relaxed and less conscious of being observed to reveal their natural behaviour.
3. Implicit bias
Implicit bias is when our stereotypes and attitudes influence how we behave and perceive others. It is a difficult form of bias to recognise. It is of paramount importance that a researcher remains neutral during the research process to provide a standard and impartial experience for every participant: a fair test. One way in which researchers can seek to remain neutral towards participants is by only collecting the essential information about participants before the session, which will reduce the potential for unconscious preconceived perceptions to surface.
4. Expectancy bias
Expectancy bias, also commonly known as observe bias is similar to the Hawthorne effect in that research participants may change their behaviour to please the researcher and provide the answers they think you want. Often, participants may seek subtle cues to suggest they are doing the right thing. This is why it is important to remain neutral in language and nonverbal behaviour. Avoid nodding or agreeing with what participants say and maintain a neutral expression.
5. Leading Language
Leading language bias is when a question or task uses certain wording or terminology that provides a hint for a particular response or behaviour. It is an easy bias to spot and overcome through practice and experience. A researcher’s script should contain open questions and be proofread by a colleague. Proofreading and piloting your research session is the best way to overcome leading language as your pilot test respondent can highlight any words that could lead them to a response.
6. Recall bias
A portion of user research requires participants to recall past events or tasks to understand how they behaved at the time. This can incur what is known as recall bias, as some memories may be more prominent than others, meaning some behaviours or events are not mentioned. Mitigate against this by applying best practice: review your questions carefully to ensure they are understood and allow participants enough time to recall long-term memories. Factor in additional time to allow for this. Use
intentional silence and ask good questions to surface natural thoughts and feelings.
Neutral Observer
Becoming aware of bias and its potential to influence research is the first step to overcome it. Do not shy away from it, rather develop an awareness and understanding of it. Remember that the role of the researcher is to become a neutral observer. Step aside from personal influences, feelings and opinions. Ground findings in what is witnessed and observed.
You may find it helpful to write out all your expectations or hypotheses beforehand so you can name them and put them to one side. Later, analyse the data and refer to your expectations and hypotheses to notice any differences.
All of the above is the preface to the last comment I posted on this topic but it makes short work of how the white supremacists of the United States quickly devised a scheme that allowed them to return Black people to a state of bondage after the abolishment of slavery in 1865. They did so by making "Black life" a crime and creating a slew of new laws under which they could arrest & convict Black people in order to create a new pool of free labor referred to generally back then as "convict leasing". These new laws were also known as Black Codes since they applied only to Black people and for the express purpose of returning them to captivity.
They also were jailing Black people for failing to be employed and as punishment for being in debt. Many of these debts were pretexts made in order to create that pool of free labor known as peonage:
Zone1 - One of our honorable posters repeatedly states as fact that whites commit more murders, numbers than blacks. But that is demonstrably not true.
In 1866, one year after the 13 Amendment was ratified (the amendment that ended slavery), Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Tennessee, and South Carolina began to lease out convicts for labor (peonage). This made the business of arresting Blacks very lucrative, which is why hundreds of White men were hired by these states as police officers. Their primary responsibility was to search out and arrest Blacks who were in violation of Black Codes. Once arrested, these men, women and children would be leased to plantations where they would harvest cotton, tobacco, sugar cane. Or they would be leased to work at coal mines, or railroad companies. The owners of these businesses would pay the state for every prisoner who worked for them; prison labor.
It is believed that after the passing of the 13th Amendment, more than 800,000 Blacks were part of the system of peonage, or re-enslavement through the prison system. Peonage didn’t end until after World War II began, around 1940.
This is how it happened.
The 13th Amendment declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." (Ratified in 1865)
Did you catch that? It says, “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude could occur except as a punishment for a crime". Lawmakers used this phrase to make petty offenses crimes. When Blacks were found guilty of committing these crimes, they were imprisoned and then leased out to the same businesses that lost slaves after the passing of the 13th Amendment. This system of convict labor is called peonage.
The majority of White Southern farmers and business owners hated the 13th Amendment because it took away slave labor. As a way to appease them, the federal government turned a blind eye when southern states used this clause in the 13th Amendment to establish laws called Black Codes. Here are some examples of Black Codes:
In Louisiana, it was illegal for a Black man to preach to Black congregations without special permission in writing from the president of the police. If caught, he could be arrested and fined. If he could not pay the fines, which were unbelievably high, he would be forced to work for an individual, or go to jail or prison where he would work until his debt was paid off.
If a Black person did not have a job, he or she could be arrested and imprisoned on the charge of vagrancy or loitering.
This next Black Code will make you cringe. In South Carolina, if the parent of a Black child was considered vagrant, the judicial system allowed the police and/or other government agencies to “apprentice” the child to an "employer". Males could be held until the age of 21, and females could be held until they were 18. Their owner had the legal right to inflict punishment on the child for disobedience, and to recapture them if they ran away.
This (peonage) is an example of systemic racism - Racism established and perpetuated by government systems. Slavery was made legal by the U.S. Government. Segregation, Black Codes, Jim Crow and peonage were all made legal by the government, and upheld by the judicial system. These acts of racism were built into the system, which is where the term “Systemic Racism” is derived.
This is the part of "Black History" that most of us were never told about.