Taking two different sciences as examples of how this works: history and genetics; as explanations of what points I'm trying to make let me lay this out:
Genetics used to be a very simple science now there is three codon DNA in the chromosomes, four codon DNA in the mitochondria, RNA codons in the ribosomes, shaping proteins, epigenetics and metagenetics. Now the hopeful monsters and similar just so stories are becoming less common.
History used to be all fact based just so stories but then came "Plagues and Peoples" and "The Columbian Exchange" The rise and fall of nations and civilizations are now explained in terms of population numbers and their exponential curves with or without such concepts as relative fragility.
Since supply and demand was understood before Adam Smith how soon will the debates about what "really" caused the Great Depression 80 years converge on a more limited explanatory model:
The polio, swine flu and syphilis epidemics vs. Soviet mismanagement of Agriculture and the overselling/overuse of the US farmbelt, for example?
It is better to first divide your world into Science, Philosophy, and Religion.
Religion is ancient and wicked.
Philosophy was the ancient Greeks' first attempt to free themselves from superstition and religion.
Science was invented by Galileo the moment he picked up his homemade telescope and pointed it at Jupiter. Data collection and inference are the two main tools of Science.
So anytime you are collecting data of any sort and then summarizing the data with an inference about them, you are being scientific.