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Consider
LAY and
LIE:
Lay (lay, laid, laid) is transitive (takes a direct object) : "He lays the
book on the table" : "Yesterday, he laid the book on the table" : "He has laid the book on the table."
Lie (lie, lay, lain) is intransitive (does not take a direct object) : "He lies there all day" : "Yesterday, he lay there all day" : "He has lain there all day."
It is easy to distinguish between "who" and "whom" if you can re-arrange the sentence with a personal pronoun and see if it take subject or object form.
"That is the man
whom I saw." --- "I saw
him."
"That is the man
who gave me the book." --- "
He gave me the book."
The only real problem is if there is a parenthetical expression which is unnecessary to the sense of the sentence :
"
Whoever they think came to the meeting, never bought a ticket."
Take out the parenthetical phrase "they think" and you have "Whoever came..." --- "He came..."
Quite different from : "
Whomever they saw, they greeted." --- "They saw
him." No parenthetical phrase.
Even Shakespeare erred on this one :
"Young Ferdinand, whom they suppose is drown'd..."
"
who is drown'd..." --- "
He is drown'd..."
We may spare the Bard our severest censure by noting that this is preceded by "
while I visit young Ferdinand..."
Ferdinand, being a direct object might be expected to be followed by the objective "whom" --- "...
whom you know."
But, of course, in the Shakespeare example,
who must be the subject of the clause "who is drown'd."
So, even Slick Willy sometimes nods !! · ·

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