Not true. You just have to be very, very creative and know what you're doing. It isn't easy though, but the best tip is to focus on the long tail...
No, it really is true. One way, or another, it costs you. And Google's goal is to make it so difficult and costly that people will simply acquiesce to being entirely dependent on paid advertising. The whole idea of focusing on the long tail is actually a bunch of bullshit, but your bringing it up highlights my point about how it's all built on a game of increasing spending on meaningless results.
To explain, first consider the fact that unless you're in the business of blogging, the "long tail" is pretty much going to be nonexistent. Let's say you're a plumber. You have a website so that potential customers can hopefully find you. I live in your town and I need a plumber. What kind of long tail search could I honestly be performing?
Second, let's also consider the fact that long tails
do not increase relevance of search results, they decrease relevance. Let's imagine I perform a search for "plumbers in Metropolis who specialize in septic tank problems." All these extra keywords
increase the avenues from which results may be returned, and lead to such first page results as "Metropolis Plumbers Association Gala Runs Into Problems" etc. Google will deem this result to be relevant, even though it's anything but.
The idea of focusing on the long tail to improve results stems from Google's drive to promote more blogging and article results, while suppressing websites of businesses who are trying to reach a customer base. It increases the overall scope of
internet based advertising as those types of websites themselves make money primarily from advertising,
including Google's own integrated ad platform. In short, it is only good for generating results for promoting internet activity based on web surfing and perpetual click through actions. Not for a results based system of bringing users to a desired end point.
Not really. Social activity, including G+, isn't really factored into their ranking algorithms. It's almost entirely based on quality backlinks and on-site engagement.
I'm afraid your information is extremely outdated. First, social activity does indeed factor on. Websites like Facebook are indexed. Second, even your usage of "quality" backlink highlights that fact. Not all backlinks are created equal, and thus a social media presence increases the alleged quality of a backlink.
That aside, what you're not understanding is that Google
wants you to use
their products, and is able to give preference to people who do. Being on Google+ leads to being listed elsewhere within the Googlesphere, and results in increased search rankings. For example, if you put your plumbing business on Google+, you can now be reviewed in Google. Google likes this, because they want to increase the utilization of Google Reviews. You can now gain increased ranking for search results, so that when someone searches for a plumber, your Google Business pops up in the results.
The truth of the matter is that Google's algorithms utilize well over a hundred factors, with most of them being seemingly arbitrary, or more commonly being intended to push additional Google products or thwart potential advertisers from gaining a high organic ranking. Google penalizes your ranking if they don't like your web page design, for crying out loud.