Throughout our history it has been the right wing, the slave states if you will, that have championed "states' rights." Fundamentally, this is because federal power has been more supportive of the will of the majority of citizens, i.e. more left-democratic than state power in those Southern states with an entrenched oligarchy and high GINI index.
This goes back to the 3/5 compromise and has carried forward to this day in ideas like nullification, the Electoral College, the filibuster etc. etc. It would be nice to think the conflict is one of philosophy but the actual issues always seem to be the rich vs. the rest.