The Hottest Day in History Just Occurred

[jc456]

Actually, proxy data remains suspect.

it is the most inaccurate data on the planet.

 

[jc456]

It's not as good as instrumented data, but its good enough to see trends and events.

And what is it that you're afraid you'll miss?

no it doesn't. It doesn't tell you anything other than an annual or decade average, doesn't look at high or low temps. It speculates on many things as well. The fact you think that info drives today's climate in any way is hilarious.

 

[Crick]

no it doesn't. It doesn't tell you anything other than an annual or decade average, doesn't look at high or low temps. It speculates on many things as well. The fact you think that info drives today's climate in any way is hilarious.

"...that info drives today's climate"? What the fuck is that supposed to mean?

 

[westwall]

no it doesn't. It doesn't tell you anything other than an annual or decade average, doesn't look at high or low temps. It speculates on many things as well. The fact you think that info drives today's climate in any way is hilarious.

The only thing it measures is the amount of water that particular plant received during the year.

 

[Crick]

The only thing it measures is the amount of water that particular plant received during the year.

Sediment Composition
The types of minerals and fossils that are preserved in a climate archive can inform scientists about salinity, temperature, ice cover, oxygen levels, nutrient levels, whether sediments washed into the lake/ocean from the landscape or were formed in the water, how the landscape evolved through time, and volcanic eruption histories.
Texture
Scientists use the size and shape of sediment particles to determine if the sediment was transported, how far it was transported, and how energetic the environment of transportation was (for example: waves crashing on a beach leave behind coarse sand particles, whereas very small grains are deposited in very still conditions).
Structure
The shape and thickness of sediment layers provides a wealth of information about past processes, including whether the sediment was deposited on land or underwater, which direction(s) the wind or water was flowing, local earthquake activity, and whether conditions were suitable for biological activity.
Color
Sediment color can be measured very precisely to aid in determining aspects of sediment composition, such as the amount of green chlorophyll, which is produced when plants photosynthesize, and/or to identify rust on the surface of minerals that were formed under very low oxygen conditions and were later exposed to oxygen. Color can also provide clues about the sources of different sediment layers. For example, red soil that was eroded and transported following Colonial era land clearance is easily identifiable in coastal plain sediments along the East Coast.
Density
Sediment density is the mass of a sediment sample per unit volume. The density of sediment is controlled by the composition of the sediment, the amount of void space between sediment grains, and whether the void spaces are filled with water, air, or other fluids. Density measurements can therefore be used to approximate changes in sediment composition, grain size, and the abundance of void spaces in a sediment sample.
Magnetic properties
By measuring how easily sediments can become magnetized, scientists can identify where sediments originated (for example, from a volcanic eruption or a specific geologic unit on the landscape). Minerals that are sensitive to magnetism tend to be aligned with the magnetic field of the earth, which allows scientists to date older sediments that were deposited throughout several reversals of the earth's magnetic field.

Biological proxies​

Biological proxies include remains of living organisms, such as pollen, foraminifera (single-celled, microscopic organisms that bear an external chambered shell), mollusks, and ostracodes (small members of the Crustacean (shrimp) family that are encased by two shells). Because the distribution of these organisms is controlled by temperature, moisture availability, and other environmental factors, their presence in a sample allows scientists to make inferences about the climate when the sample was deposited. Some examples of biological proxies are shown below.

Terrestrial Biological Proxies​

Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Pollen and spores preserved in sediments from IODP Site 302-4A.

Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Photo of a Carex seed macrofossil. This image was taken using a microscope in the Macrofossil and Sediment Proccessing Laboratory.
Pollen and spores
Pollen and spores are microscopic-sized structures that are part of the reproductive cycle of plants. Pollen grains are produced by seed plants (such as flowering plants and conifers), and spores are produced by more primitive vascular plants such as mosses and ferns. Fossil pollen and spores typically are dispersed from the source plant by wind, insects, and other means. The oldest known land-plant spores are of Upper Ordovician age (~440 million years old). Pollen from seed plants dates to the Late Devonian (~365 million years old), with the first definitive pollen from flowering plants found in Cretaceous rocks (at least 125 million years old). By analyzing pollen and spores preserved in sediments, scientists can reconstruct patterns of past vegetation and climate.
Plant macrofossils
Plant macrofossils are plant remains large enough to be visible without a microscope, including leaves, flowers, cones, and other plant fragments. When possible, scientists identify the plant species represented by the macrofossil. The oldest known plant macrofossils are liverworts found in Middle Ordovician rocks (~475 million years old). The oldest vascular land plant was Cooksonia, preserved in from Middle Silurian (~425 million years old) rocks in Ireland. This is the oldest plant with a stem and vascular tissue, and it represents a transitional form from the older bryophytes to vascular plants such as ferns and seed plants. Based on knowledge of the environmental requirements of living plant taxa, scientists use their presence to infer past climate and environment.
Charcoal
Charcoal is the carbon residue that persists after plants and other organic materials are burnt. Fossil charcoal is preserved in sediments as fallout from fires burning in the surrounding vegetation. Scientists use fossil charcoal to reconstruct changes in the frequency and magnitude of fires in an ecosystem. As vegetation and climate change through time, the frequency, intensity, and area of fires also changes.

Aquatic Biotic Proxies​

Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of calcareous trochospiral estuarine foraminifera Ammonia tepida collected from Grand Bay estuary

Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Scanning electron microscope images of the shells of two ostracode species that can be used to help reconstruct ocean temperature and salinity and seawater oxygen isotope values in future paleoceanographic studies.

Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of pennate diatom Dimeregramma minor, a common species in the Grand Bay estuary.

Foraminifers​

Foraminifers are single-celled, microscopic organisms that live in water and bear an external chambered shell. Because foraminifer species have distinctive shell morphologies and environmental requirements, scientists can use the composition of foraminifer assemblages to interpret changes in water temperature and quality. The earliest known foraminifers were benthic forms that live on the ocean floor; these are found in rocks as old as the early Cambrian (nearly 500 million years old). Planktic forms, which live in shallower water above the ocean floor, first occur in the mid-Jurassic. Their rapid diversification makes them valuable paleoclimate proxies from Cretaceous (~145.5 million years) to modern time.
Ostracodes
Ostracodes are small members of the Crustacean (shrimp) family that live in aquatic environments and are encased by two shells. Their fossil record extends to the early Ordovician (nearly 500 million years), and their sensitivity to changes in water temperature, salinity, oxygen level, and other parameters makes them valuable tools to reconstruct past variations in climate and water quality.
Diatoms
Diatoms are photosynthetic golden brown algae that form skeletons made of silica. Because diatoms are sensitive to changes in temperature, nutrients, salinity, and other physical factors, they provide a means to reconstruct changes from both fresh-water and marine sediments. The oldest diatoms are found in rocks dating to the Early Jurassic, about 190 million years ago, and they first appeared in large numbers in Eocene sediments (45-40 million years ago).
Corals
Corals are marine invertebrates that typically live in colonies that contain many individuals. Corals are important reef builders that live primarily in tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton. Because corals build sequential layers, they can be used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry and temperature on an annual to decadal scale. The oldest known corals are from Cambrian rocks, deposited ~540 million years ago. Some modern reefs, including the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, began their formation as long as 18 million years ago.
Dinoflagellates cysts
Dinoflagellates are a group of single-celled aquatic organisms that have whip-like flagella (threadlike structures) that propel them through water. Most dinoflagellates live in marine waters as plankton, but some are found in freshwater, also. Some dinoflagellates form dormant cysts (dinocysts) as part of their life cycle. Because of their resistant cell wall, dinocysts are preserved in sedimentary rocks as old as the middle Triassic (~235 million years ago). The presence of dinocysts in sediment archives can tell scientists information about salinity and nutrient status of the water these organisms were living in.
Mollusks
Mollusks are a diverse group of invertebrates that include clams, snails, squid, and many other commonly recognized animals. Most mollusks secrete a hard shell, which is usually well preserved in sediments. Mollusks can be found in terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems, and they span over 540 million years of Earth's history. Aquatic mollusks provide information about a number of environmental parameters including salinity, temperature, nutrients, water depth, and substrate.

Chemical Proxies​

The chemical composition of shells of aquatic organisms is affected by the chemistry of the water in which they form. Water, in turn, is influenced by temperature and precipitation. Consequently, shell chemistry (stable isotope and elemental composition) is one example of a chemical proxy of temperature and precipitation. For organisms such as corals and mollusks that secrete sequential layers, these layers can provide an archive of change over the lifespan of the animal. Organic biomarkers are another type of chemical proxy; these are molecular fossils derived from living organisms (such as plants), and they can serve as proxies for other physical and chemical properties of their environment (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity).

Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Water isotopes refer to atoms of oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) in water molecules (H2O) that have slightly different atomic masses due to different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. Water is composed of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms and the different combinations of their stable isotopes have molecular masses that range from 18 to 22.
Stable Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element, such as carbon (C) or oxygen (O), that have different numbers of neutrons, giving them slightly different atomic weights. Ratios of stable isotopes from the same element can be measured from archive material to infer a wide range of information about past climate. For example, the ratio of 18O to 16O in rain or snow is controlled by temperature, humidity and atmospheric circulation. Any archive that faithfully preserves these isotopes can provide information about changes in these climatic parameters. Because isotopes can provide climate information from every environment on earth where there are archives of water or plant material, they represent a very useful proxy.
Elemental Analyses
Concentrations of chemical elements, such as iron, titanium, and phosphorus, in sediments and other archives can be used to determine past changes in erosion, lake and ocean productivity, and land use. Erosion intensity is sensitive to changes in precipitation and stream flow as well as changes to the landscape such as deforestation. Changes in aquatic productivity may reflect precipitation-related fluctuations in nutrient input from the land. Changes in land use, such as agriculture or urbanization, can cause deposition of elements released from fertilizers, sewers, and other systems.
Biomarkers
Biomarkers are organic molecules that are unique to a specific organism or group of organisms. Biomarkers can be preserved in sediments and rocks after the organism itself has disintegrated, and measurements of their abundance can be used as a proxy for the past distribution and abundance of the source organisms. Some biomarkers can be used to reconstruct past physical parameters such as temperature. For example, alkenones are biomarkers produced by marine algae called coccolithophorids. The molecular structure of alkenones is related to the water temperature in which the algae grew.
Biogenic silica
Biogenic silica, also known as opal, is one of the most important chemicals found in marine and freshwater sediment. It is primarily created by microscopic algae called diatoms, but it also is produced by other organisms, such as radiolarians and silicoflagellates. Measurements of opal in aquatic ecosystems are a proxy for biological productivity, or the amount of biomass produced in the ecosystem. Productivity changes also can reflect factors such as temperature, salinity, and circulation. Because biogenic silica is so stable in sediments, it has been used to study past marine ecosystem primary productivity in samples that are more than 48 million years old.

Paleoclimate Proxies | U.S. Geological Survey

Paleoclimate proxies are physical, chemical and biological materials preserved within the geologic record (in paleoclimate archives) that can be analyzed and correlated with climate or environmental parameters in the modern world. Scientists combine proxy-based paleoclimate reconstructions with...

www.usgs.gov

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"These proxy data are preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements. Paleoclimatologists gather proxy data from natural recorders of climate variability such as corals, pollen, ice cores, tree rings, caves, pack rat middens, ocean and lake sediments, and historical data."

What Are Proxy Data?

In paleoclimatology, the study of past climates, scientists use “proxy” data to reconstruct past climate conditions.

www.ncei.noaa.gov

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Foraminifera, also known as forams, and diatoms are commonly used climate proxies. Forams and diatoms are shelled organisms found in aquatic and marine environments. There are both planktonic, or floating in the water column, and benthic, or bottom dwelling, forms. Foram shells are made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) while diatom shells are composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). These organisms record evidence for past environmental conditions in their shells. Remains of foram and diatom shells can be found by taking sediment cores from lakes and oceans, since their shells get buried and preserved in sediment as they die. The chemical make up of these shells reflect water chemistry at the time of shell formation. Stable oxygen isotope ratios contained in the shell can be used to infer past water temperatures. These oxygen isotopes are found naturally in both the atmosphere and dissolved in water. Warmer water tends to evaporate off more of the lighter isotopes, so shells grown in warmer waters will be enriched in the heavier isotope. Measurements of stable isotopes of planktonic and benthic foram and diatom shells have been taken from hundreds of deep-sea cores around the world to map past surface and bottom water temperatures.

Combinations of proxy data are generally used to reconstruct records for past climate. In addition to forams and diatoms, common proxies and their respective analytical methods include:

• Ice core records- deep ice cores, such as those from Lake Vostok, Antarctica, the Greenland Ice Sheet Project, and North Greenland Ice Sheet Project can be analyzed for trapped gas, stable isotope ratios, and pollen trapped within the layers to infer past climate.
• Tree rings- can be counted to determine age. The thickness of each ring can be used to infer fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, since optimal conditions for the particular species will result in more growth, and thus thicker rings for a given year. Scars and burn marks can indicate past natural events such as fire.
• Sediment cores- can be analyzed in many ways. Sediment laminations, or layers, can indicate sedimentation rate through time. Charcoal trapped in sediments can indicate past fire events. Remains of organisms such as diatoms, foraminifera, microbiota, and pollen within sediment can indicate changes in past climate, since each species has a limited range of habitable conditions. When these organisms and pollen sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean, they can become buried within the sediment. Thus, climate change can be inferred by species composition within the sediment.

Paleoclimatology: Climate Proxies

Created by Monica Bruckner, Montana State University. What is Paleoclimatology? Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates. Since it is not possible to go back in time to see what climates were like, ...

serc.carleton.edu

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So, as usual, your input is disingenuous at best.

 

[jc456]

Paleoclimatology: Climate Proxies

Created by Monica Bruckner, Montana State University. What is Paleoclimatology? Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates. Since it is not possible to go back in time to see what climates were like, ...

serc.carleton.edu

from your own link, it's just someone's interpretation and nothing else. Is not evidence of any such nonsense about what the climate might have been like over decades.

scientists use imprints created during past climate, known as proxies, to interpret paleoclimate.

 

[Crick]

from your own link, it's just someone's interpretation and nothing else. Is not evidence of any such nonsense about what the climate might have been like over decades.

scientists use imprints created during past climate, known as proxies, to interpret paleoclimate.

You are just too stupid for words. Words like "interpret".

 

[jc456]

You are just too stupid for words. Words like "interpret".

Did you look it up?

 

[abu afak]

July 4 Was Earth's Hottest Day In Over 100000 Years ...​

Forbes
https://www.forbes.com › maryroeloffs › 2023/07/05

Jul 5, 2023 — Scientists say July 4 could have been the hottest day on Earth in as many as 125000 years.

Earth is at its hottest in thousands of years. Here's how we ...​

Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com › 2023/07/08 › earth...

Jul 8, 2023 — Scientists are confident that, apart from the global warming of recent decades, it was Earth's warmest period in the past 100,000 years. They ...

July 2023 Is Hottest Month Ever Recorded on Earth​

Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com › article › july-20...

Jul 27, 2023 — This July is set to be the hottest month ever recorded on Earth—and likely the hottest in about 120,000 years—preliminary analyses show.

Climate change: 2023 likely to be the hottest in 100000 years​

Sydney Morning Herald
https://www.smh.com.au › ... › Climate crisis
Oct 25, 2023 — June, July, August, September and (very probably) October were the warmest respective months since records began. A strong El Nino is expected ..

`

 

[Toddsterpatriot]

July 4 Was Earth's Hottest Day In Over 100000 Years ...​

Forbes
https://www.forbes.com › maryroeloffs › 2023/07/05

Jul 5, 2023 — Scientists say July 4 could have been the hottest day on Earth in as many as 125000 years.

Earth is at its hottest in thousands of years. Here's how we ...​

Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com › 2023/07/08 › earth...

Jul 8, 2023 — Scientists are confident that, apart from the global warming of recent decades, it was Earth's warmest period in the past 100,000 years. They ...

July 2023 Is Hottest Month Ever Recorded on Earth​

Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com › article › july-20...

Jul 27, 2023 — This July is set to be the hottest month ever recorded on Earth—and likely the hottest in about 120,000 years—preliminary analyses show.

Climate change: 2023 likely to be the hottest in 100000 years​

Sydney Morning Herald
https://www.smh.com.au › ... › Climate crisis
Oct 25, 2023 — June, July, August, September and (very probably) October were the warmest respective months since records began. A strong El Nino is expected ..

`

Thanks for the comic relief.