It is necessary to look through the lens of Middle Eastern Culture in ancient times. There was a strong belief that
nothing could happen--good or bad--without it first being the will of God. Islam still holds that one cannot so much as move a finger without it first being the will of God.
Let's start with the hardening of Pharaoh's heart. In Biblical culture, Pharaoh's heart could not be hardened without it being the will of God. I see it differently. Ever notice that when two have a difference, an argument or debate only serves to harden the other's position? We saw this with people's position on President Trump. People either hated or cheered for Trump. The more either side tried to persuade someone of the other side, the more the hatred, or the more the cheers.
My position is it is not God who is hardening all these hearts--we are doing it to ourselves. It is not God who moves our finger, we do it ourselves. Now just try to argue me out of this position!
Do you see where I am going with this?
God redeemed the world. It is we, the people, who keep arguing about who is redeemed and who is not. In God's eyes, redemption is for all. In the end, the is Paul's position as well. He says it was bad behavior from Jews that opened redemption to Gentiles, and in the end, the Jews will see their way clear and rejoin God's people. I see both as already God's people.