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Suggestions of solar and oceanic causes have been made, but no clear proof is yet available. In addition, some studies suggest that D-O events may be triggered by
complex interactions between the atmosphere, the polar ice pack, and the oceans that affect how heat energy is transported toward the poles.May 31, 2024
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Britannica
https://www.britannica.com › ... › Earth Sciences
What caused Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger events? The cause of these glacial events is still under debate. During the last glacial time, large ice sheets rimmed the North Atlantic. At certain times, these ice sheets released large amounts of freshwater into the North Atlantic. Heinrich events are an extreme example of this, when the Laurentide ice sheet disgorged excessively large amounts of freshwater into the Labrador Sea in the form of icebergs. Scientists have hypothesized that these freshwater dumps reduced ocean salinity enough to slow deepwater formation and the thermohaline circulation. Since the thermohaline circulation plays an important role in transporting heat northward, a slowdown would cause the North Atlantic to cool. Later, as the addition of freshwater decreased, ocean salinity and deepwater formation increased and climate conditions recovered. Evidence for changes in deepwater formation supports the freshwater forcing hypothesis. Measurements from deep-sea sediments in the North Atlantic indicate reduction of deepwater formation during Heinrich events (McManus et al. 2004). Evidence for freshwater forcing and reduced deepwater formation during D-O events is more ambiguous. The initial trigger for freshwater releases has not yet been identified. One suggestion is that small, gradual changes in solar output could have influenced the timing of abrupt changes. Other ideas call upon natural oscillations of the ice sheets themselves or of ocean processes.
Causes
The processes behind the timing and amplitude of these events (as recorded in
ice cores) are still unclear. The pattern in the
Southern Hemisphere is different, with slow warming and much smaller temperature fluctuations. Indeed, the
Vostok ice core was drilled before the Greenland cores, and the existence of Dansgaard–Oeschger events was not widely recognised until the Greenland (
GRIP/
GISP2) cores were done; after which there was some reexamination of the Vostok core to see if these events had somehow been "missed".[
citation needed]

A closeup near 40 kyr BP, showing reproducibility between cores
The events appear to reflect changes in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation, perhaps triggered by an influx of fresh water
[8] or rain.
[12]
The events may be caused by an amplification of solar forcings, or by a cause internal to the earth system – either a "binge-purge" cycle of ice sheets accumulating so much mass they become unstable, as postulated for
Heinrich events, or an oscillation in deep ocean currents (Maslin
et al.. 2001, p25).
These events have been attributed to changes in the size of the ice sheets
[13] and atmospheric carbon dioxide.
[14] The former determines the strength of the Atlantic Ocean circulation via altering the northern hemisphere westerly winds, gulf stream, and sea-ice systems. The latter modulates atmospheric inter-basin freshwater transport across Central America, which changes the freshwater budget in the North Atlantic and thus the circulation. These studies corroborate the previously suggested existence of a "D-O window"
[15] of
AMOC bistability ('sweet spot' for
abrupt climate changes) associated with ice volume and atmospheric CO2, accounting for the occurrences of D-O type events under intermediate glacial conditions in the late Pleistocene.
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