The2ndAmendment
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Unconditional Surrender
Unconditional Surrender
the American-British adoption of a policy of unconditional surrender without consulting the Soviets deepened the distrust between the West and the Soviets that later developed into the Cold War.
The decisions not to open a second European front in 1942 and to demand the unconditional surrender of Germany also had significant effects on the course of the war itself.
Lengthening the war. Several of Hitler's former generals have attested to the lengthening of the war caused by unconditional surrender. Once the policy was adopted in 1943 it gave Joseph Goebbels an important propaganda weapon. Most of the German people did not have access to information other than that provided by the regime. Goebbels was therefore able to exploit unconditional surrender as proof that the Allies sought to utterly destroy the German people. This hardened the resolve of ordinary Germans to fight on to the bitter end, especially on the Eastern Front. If no quarter could be expected then surrender was not an option. Consequently millions of people would die because of the inflexibility of Allied policy. Furthermore, because unconditional surrender ensured that the Germans would fight on no matter what the cost, it also ensured that the Soviets would have to fight their way across Eastern Europe and deep into Germany proper. Eventually, Stalin came to see that the policy of unconditional surrender played into his hands. Creating a series of subservient, client states in Eastern Europe had been a long-standing objective of Russian foreign policy, even well before the revolution in 1917. Unconditional surrender finally allowed Stalin to achieve this goal.
Undercutting German resistance efforts. Although the German resistance to the Nazis was not substantial, several plots on Hitler's life were being planned in 1943. The most important of these, that within some echelons of the German officer corps, stood a reasonable chance of success. However, the eventual success of any coup against Hitler depended on the ability of the resistance to say that the Allies would help stabilize Germany if it was led by someone other than Hitler. The policy of unconditional surrender significantly undercut any popular support that the resistance could count upon.
Sealing the fate of millions of Jews. By January 1943 (when unconditional surrender was decided) large pockets of Jews within Nazi-occupied Europe were still alive, including practically all of the Jews within the major ghettoes of Warsaw and Łódz. These Jews would be slaughtered in the gas chambers of Nazi death camps throughout 1943. In 1944 the Jewish population of Hungary also would be largely exterminated in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Had a more flexible policy been adopted by Roosevelt and Churchill, a policy which would have allowed Germans to surrender anywhere under any circumstances, the German war effort probably would have collapsed much sooner than May 1945.