Worldwide, in 2010, at least 63,200 tons of antibiotics were consumed by livestock - more than all human consumption. By 2030, this figure is projected to rise by two-thirds, to 105.600 tons, to meet the demands of a projected 8.5 billion human population. In India, the results are already showing - almost 100% resistance to a popular antibiotic called sulfadiazine was detected in isolates in chickens and other fowl. Resistance has also been reported in Staphylococcus and other bacteria in poultry litter: 75% of isolates were resistant to streptomycin, and more than 50% were resistant to front line antibiotics like erythromycin, tobramycin and ampicillin.
According to the World Antibiotic report 2015, to be released on Thursday, poultry raised with antibiotics harbour significant populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are transmitted to humans through direct contact with the animals and through their meat, eggs, and milk. Some proportion of the antibiotics used in agriculture and aquaculture ends up in the broader environment. The report takes Hyderabad as a case in point saying it's area of intense pharmaceutical manufacturing, has nearly 100 plants that supply drugs to Europe and US.
The report said "The wastewater from these plants is processed at a single plant. In 2008, the processed effluent from the treatment plant and water from two nearby lakes and six wells were analysed. Researchers found severe contamination in all water sources. In one lake, levels of ciprofloxacin and cetirizine exceeded human therapeutic blood plasma concentrations. In addition, the levels of fluoroquinolones in the water sources were found to be 100,000 to 1 million times higher than levels found in surface water contaminated with sewage in the US and China. The high levels of contamination indicate that the antibiotics in the water sources were very likely mixing with significant bacterial populations, creating a permissive environment for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes"
The report says that antibiotics are used not only to treat individual animals with bacterial infections but also to promote growth — a controversial and high-use application. The report recommends that sales of feed pre-mixed with antibiotics should immediately be phased out. Most antibiotics used in animal production are similar to those used in the human population: of the 27 antimicrobial classes that are used in animals, only nine are used exclusively in animals. In 2010, China was estimated to consume the most antibiotics in livestock, followed by the US, Brazil, Germany and India. Consumption in India is expected to double by 2030.
Livestock consume antibiotics more than all human consumption - The Times of India