A good list. But it left out the ratings agencies. They were also responsible.
Also, Clinton's biggest failing was his deregulation of financial derivatives. The crash would not have been anywhere near as severe. This was not a housing bubble so much as a global derivatives bubble.
Global.
Derivatives were force multipliers. Derivatives were the motive. Loans were just the raw materials which were needed to power all those derivative products which brought in the profits.
Please cite where Clinton deregulated financial derivatives.
Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The
Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 (CFMA) is United States federal legislation that officially ensured modernized
regulation[1] of
financial products known as
over-the-counter derivatives. It was signed into law on December 21, 2000 by
President Bill Clinton. It clarified the law so that most
over-the-counter (OTC)
derivatives transactions between "sophisticated parties" would not be regulated as "futures" under the
Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 (CEA) or as "securities" under the federal securities laws. Instead, the major dealers of those products (banks and securities firms) would continue to have their dealings in OTC derivatives supervised by their federal regulators under general "safety and soundness" standards. The
Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) desire to have "Functional regulation" of the market was also rejected. Instead, the CFTC would continue to do "entity-based supervision of OTC derivatives dealers."
[2] These derivatives, including the
credit default swap, are a few of the many causes of the
financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent
2008–2012 global recession.
[3]
OTC derivatives regulation before the CFMA[edit]
Exchange trading requirement[edit]
The
PWG Report was directed at ending controversy over how
swaps and other OTC derivatives related to the CEA. A
derivative is a financial contract or instrument that "derives" its value from the price or other characteristic of an underlying "thing" (or "commodity"). A farmer might enter into a "derivative contract" under which the farmer would sell from next summer's harvest a specified number of bushels of wheat at a specified price per bushel. If this contract were executed on a commodity exchange, it would be a "futures contract."
[14]
Before 1974, the CEA only applied to agricultural commodities. "Future delivery" contracts in agricultural commodities listed in the CEA were required to be traded on regulated exchanges such as the
Chicago Board of Trade.
[15]
The
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974 created the CFTC as the new regulator of commodity exchanges. It also expanded the scope of the CEA to cover the previously listed agricultural products and "all other goods and articles, except onions, and all services, rights, and interests in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in." Existing non-exchange traded financial "commodity" derivatives markets (mostly "
interbank" markets) in foreign currencies, government securities, and other specified instruments were excluded from the CEA through the "
Treasury Amendment", to the extent transactions in such markets remained off a "board of trade." The expanded CEA, however, did not generally exclude financial derivatives.
[16]
After the 1974 law change, the CEA continued to require that all "future delivery" contracts in commodities covered by the law be executed on a regulated exchange. This meant any "future delivery" contract entered into by parties off a regulated exchange would be illegal and unenforceable. The term "future delivery" was not defined in the CEA. Its meaning evolved through CFTC actions and court rulings.
[17]
Not all derivative contracts are "future delivery" contracts. The CEA always excluded "forward delivery" contracts under which, for example, a farmer might set today the price at which the farmer would deliver to a
grain elevator or other buyer a certain number of bushels of wheat to be harvested next summer. By the early 1980s a market in interest rate and currency "swaps" had emerged in which banks and their customers would typically agree to exchange interest or currency amounts based on one party paying a fixed interest rate amount (or an amount in a specified currency) and the other paying a floating interest rate amount (or an amount in a different currency). These transactions were similar to "forward delivery" contracts under which "commercial users" of a commodity contracted for future deliveries of that commodity at an agreed upon price.
[18]
Based on the similarities between swaps and "forward delivery" contracts, the swap market grew rapidly in the United States during the 1980s. Nevertheless, as a 2006 Congressional Research Service report explained in describing the status of OTC derivatives in the 1980s: "if a court had ruled that a swap was in fact an illegal, off-exchange futures contract, trillions of dollars in outstanding swaps could have been invalidated. This might have caused chaos in financial markets, as swaps users would suddenly be exposed to the risks they had used derivatives to avoid."
[19]