Article 1. Whether Baptism is the mere washing?
Objection 1. It seems that
Baptism is not the mere washing. For the washing of the body is something transitory: but
Baptism is something permanent. Therefore
Baptism is not the mere washing; but rather is it "the regeneration, the seal, the safeguarding, the enlightenment," as
Damascene says (De Fide Orth. iv).
Objection 2. Further,
Hugh of St. Victor says (De Sacram. ii) that "
Baptism is water sanctified by
God's word for the blotting out of
sins." But the washing itself is not water, but a certain use of water.
Objection 3. Further,
Augustine says (Tract. lxxx super Joan.): "The word is added to the element, and this becomes a
sacrament." Now, the element is the water. Therefore
Baptism is the water and not the washing.
On the contrary, It is written (
Sirach 34:30): "He that washeth himself [baptizatur] after touching the dead, if he touch him again, what does his washing avail?" It seems, therefore, that
Baptism is the washing or bathing.
I answer that, In the
sacrament of Baptism, three things may be considered: namely, that which is "sacrament only"; that which is "reality and sacrament"; and that which is "reality only." That which is sacrament only, is something visible and outward; the sign, namely, of the inward effect: for such is the very
nature of a
sacrament. And this outward something that can be perceived by the sense is both the water itself and its use, which is the washing. Hence some have thought that the water itself is the sacrament: which seems to be the meaning of the passage quoted from
Hugh of St. Victor. For in the general definition of a
sacrament he says that it is "a material element": and in defining
Baptism he says it is "water."
But this is not
true. For since the
sacraments of the
New Law effect a certain sanctification, there the sacrament is completed where the sanctification is completed. Now, the sanctification is not completed in water; but a certain sanctifying instrumental
virtue, not permanent but transient, passes from the water, in which it is, into
man who is the subject of
true sanctification. Consequently the sacrament is not completed in the very water, but in applying the water to
man, i.e. in the washing. Hence the
Master (iv, 3) says that "
Baptism is the outward washing of the body done together with the prescribed form of words."
The Baptismal character is both reality and sacrament: because it is something real signified by the outward washing; and a sacramental sign of the inward
justification: and this last is the reality only, in this
sacrament—namely, the reality signified and not signifying.
Reply to Objection 1. That which is both sacrament and reality—i.e. the character—and that which is reality only—i.e. the inward
justification—remain: the character remains and is indelible, as stated above (
III:63:5); the justification remains, but can be lost. Consequently
Damascene defined
Baptism, not as to that which is done outwardly, and is the sacrament only; but as to that which is inward. Hence he sets down two things as pertaining to the character—namely, "seal" and "safeguarding"; inasmuch as the character which is called a seal, so far as itself is concerned, safeguards the
soul in
good. He also sets down two things as pertaining to the ultimate reality of the sacrament—namely, "regeneration" which refers to the fact that
man by being
baptized begins the new life of righteousness; and "enlightenment," which refers especially to
faith, by which
man receives
spiritual life, according to
Habakkuk 2 (
Hebrews 10:38; cf.
Habakkuk 2:4): "But (My) just
man liveth by
faith"; and
Baptism is a sort of protestation of
faith; whence it is called the "Sacrament of
Faith." Likewise
Dionysius defined
Baptism by its relation to the other
sacraments, saying (Eccl. Hier. ii) that it is "the principle that forms the
habits of the
soul for the reception of those most
holy words and
sacraments"; and again by its relation to heavenly
glory, which is the universal end of all the
sacraments, when he adds, "preparing the way for us, whereby we mount to the repose of the heavenly kingdom"; and again as to the beginning of
spiritual life, when he adds, "the conferring of our most sacred and Godlike regeneration."
Reply to Objection 2. As already stated, the opinion of
Hugh of St. Victor on this question is not to be followed. Nevertheless the saying that "
Baptism is water" may be verified in so far as water is the material principle of
Baptism: and thus there would be "
causal predication."
Reply to Objection 3. When the words are added, the element becomes a
sacrament, not in the element itself, but in
man, to whom the element is applied, by being used in washing him. Indeed, this is signified by those very words which are added to the element, when we say: "I
baptize thee," etc.