I can tell you a story about a man named Jed....I have a case. When I was just a couple of years out of college, the manager’s job of the department in which I was working opened up, and I and a black girl applied. I had been working there longer, and my academic record (important when you’re just two years out of college) was far superior.
The director selected the black girl and admitted to me that I would have been her first choice but that she was under pressure to give the job to a black (and warned me she would deny the conversation). If I were to extrapolate the 15% raise it would have entailed, and apply that starting point to the rest of my career, my earnings would have been about $200,000 or $300,000 more.
But I did pretty well for myself regardless and enjoy an upper-middle class lifestyle.