That is the current interpretation of the Law, by the Supreme Court.
I think it is a flawed, even stupid ruling that should be reversed.
That is not the ruling of the SCOTUS.
Citizenship by birth has two relevant sources in Constitutional Law.
1. Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”
2. In the case of
United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898), the Supreme Court ruled that a person becomes a citizen of the United States at the time of birth, by virtue of the first clause of the 14th Amendment, if that person:
- Is born in the United States
- Has parents that are subjects of a foreign power, but not in any diplomatic or official capacity of that foreign power
- Has parents that have permanent domicile and residence in the United States
- Has parents that are in the United States for business
The Supreme Court has never explicitly ruled on whether children born in the United States to illegal immigrant parents are entitled to birthright citizenship via the 14th Amendment,[8] but it has generally been assumed that they are.[9]
As of 2015, the “United States” includes all inhabited territories
except American Samoa and Swain Island
United States nationality law
These conditions are all inclusive, that is each one must be met and
failure to meet one of them disqualifies one for citizenship by birth, at least according to Constitutional case law.
The disqualifier that a persons parents cannot be a diplomat or official of a foreign government is not so well known, and our State Department under Obama is obscuring this restriction.
http://www.cis.org/birthright-citizenship-diplomats
What the phrase "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" means exactly is what was addressed in Wong Kim Ark. The concluding section of that decision states:
"118 The evident intention, and the necessary effect, of the submission of this case to the decision of the court upon the facts agreed by the parties, were to present for determination the single question, stated at the beginning of this opinion, namely, whether a child born in the United States, of parents of Chinese descent, who, at the time of his birth, are subjects of the emperor of China, but have a permanent domicile AND residence in the United States, and are there carrying on business, and are not employed in any diplomatic or official capacity under the emperor of China, becomes at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States. For the reasons above stated, this court is of opinion that the question must be answered in the affirmative."
169 US 649 United States v. Wong Kim Ark | OpenJurist
But what is the meaning of "have a permanent domicile and residence in the United States"?
"Domicile is but the established, fixed, permanent, or ordinary dwelling-place or place of residence of a person, as distinguished from his temporary and transient, though actual, place of residence. It is his legal residence, as distinguished from his temporary place of abode; or his home, as distinguished from a place to which business or pleasure may temporarily call him.
Law Dictionary: What is DOMICILE? definition of DOMICILE (Black's Law Dictionary)
What is DOMICILE? definition of DOMICILE (Black's Law Dictionary)
Just because one resides in the USA does not mean that one has DOMICILE in the USA, and to have birthright citizenship, according to Wong, one must have BOTH legal Domicile and residence. Illegal aliens do not have legal Domicile in the USA, so one can challenge their birthright citizenship but all states today give them citizenship anyway. That can change by a simple change of law at the state level.
And SCOTUS also recognized in Wong Kim Ark that
not all persons born in the United States are citizens immmediately and it gives a list of some of those cases in Section 93.
"93....The fourteenth amendment affirms the ancient and fundamental rule of citizenship by birth within the territory, in the allegiance and under the protection of the country, including all children here born of resident aliens,
with the exceptions or qualifications (as old as the rule itself) of
children of foreign sovereigns or their ministers, or
born on foreign public ships, or o
f enemies within and during a hostile occupation of part of our territory, and with the single additional exception of
children of members of the Indian tribes owing direct allegiance to their several tribes. The amendment, in clear words and in manifest intent, includes the children born within the territory of the United States of all other persons, of whatever race or color, domiciled within the United States. Every citizen or subject of another country, while domiciled here, is within the allegiance and the protection, and consequently subject to the jurisdiction, of the United States. His allegiance to the United States is direct and immediate, and, although but local and temporary, continuing only so long as he remains within our territory..."
But does "domiciled within the United States" mean to simply live here, legally or illegally (ignoring the legal definition of domiciled for a moment)?
That is addressed in Section 96:
"96 Chinese persons, born out of the United States, remaining subjects of the emperor of China, and not having become citizens of the United States, are entitled to the protection of and owe allegiance to the United States,
so long as they are permitted by the United States to reside here; and are 'subject to the jurisdiction thereof,' in the same sense as all other aliens residing in the United States. "
An alien is not considered to have legal domicile in the United States if they are not here with the permission of the United States and illegal aliens are not here with said permission and therefore their children born here are not subject to the birthright citizenship of the 14th Amendment.
If Plyler v Doyle was a ruling about jurisdiction giving birthright citizenship to those under any and all legal jurisdiction of US law, then
why are illegals and legal aliens both not eligible for birthright citizenship if born on US territories of American Samoa or Swain Island?
Birthright citizenship in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Clearly the US government has jurisdiction on its own territory in the Samoa Islands, but aliens do not get citizenship if born in those territories.
Why if Plyler ruled that jurisdiction = birthright citizenship?
For reference:
US Code - Subchapter III: NATIONALITY AND NATURALIZATION
169 US 649 United States v. Wong Kim Ark | OpenJurist
http://jonathanturley.org/2011/03/05/plyler-v-doe-1982-and-jurisdiction/
INS v. Rios-Pineda 471 U.S. 444 (1985)
Justice Brennan's Footnote Gave Us Anchor Babies | Human Events