The International Association of Chiefs of Police defines use of force as “The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject” (IACP 2001), to protect an individual or group or for self-defense. There is no “universal set of rules that governs when officers should use force and how much,” according to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ, 2015). In Pennsylvania, the Crimes Code, Section 508 says that a peace officer is “justified in the use of any force which he believes necessary to effect the arrest and of any force which he believes to be necessary to defend himself or another from bodily harm while making the arrest.” The Code also says a peace officer who “has an arrested or convicted person in his custody is justified in the use of such force to prevent the escape of the person from custody” as the officer would be justified in using if he were arresting the person. It also states that people (not just officers) can use force “when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary to prevent such other person from committing suicide, inflicting serious bodily injury upon himself, committing or consummating the commission of a crime involving or threatening bodily injury, damage to or loss of property or a breach of the peace.” A peace officer is justified in using deadly force “only when he believes that such force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to himself or such other person, or when he believes both that such force is necessary to prevent the arrest from being defeated by resistance or escape; and the person to be arrested has committed or attempted a forcible felony or is attempting to escape and possesses a deadly weapon, or otherwise indicates that he will endanger human life or inflict serious bodily injury unless arrested without delay.” Locally, the PBP’s policy forbids excessive uses of force and requires officers to report any use of force, whether or not it caused injury. Uses of force might include physical force, chemical force (such as pepper spray), any discharge of a Taser or other kinetic energy projectile, use of impact weapons such as a baton, and use of “weapons of last resort” (Policy Order Number 12-6, dated 1/3/05). Officers must also report when they used verbal commands.