The Ocean Ate My Global Warming

[CrusaderFrank]

^ LOLz

August 2014 -- the ocean ate the Global Warming! Denier!!

"A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean."

LOLz

It's not comedy, it's what passes for AGWCult "Science"

 

[jc456]

^ LOLz

August 2014 -- the ocean ate the Global Warming! Denier!!

"A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean."

LOLz

It's not comedy, it's what passes for AGWCult "Science"

huh? How did that ocean get warm and the others didn't?

 

[CrusaderFrank]

^ LOLz

August 2014 -- the ocean ate the Global Warming! Denier!!

"A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean."

LOLz

It's not comedy, it's what passes for AGWCult "Science"

huh? How did that ocean get warm and the others didn't?

DENIER!!!! Why are you asking questions!??? Just snort the Kool Aid!!

 

[jc456]

^ LOLz

August 2014 -- the ocean ate the Global Warming! Denier!!

"A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean."

LOLz

It's not comedy, it's what passes for AGWCult "Science"

huh? How did that ocean get warm and the others didn't?

DENIER!!!! Why are you asking questions!??? Just snort the Kool Aid!!

Now look, if the global mean is up then it is only logical that if the Atlantic ocean is warming up, then so too are all other bodies of water. how is that not logical.

And then it would be so windy that the earth would stop spinning.

oh, oh, then maybe the earth would then spin the other way going back in time and then the past can be corrected and then there would be no global warming. holy crap batman, oh that was superman wasn't it. LOL.

 

[Crick]

When you prefer talking to those with whom you agree over discussing topics with those of different persuasions, it's likely you've realized your arguments have all failed.

And they have.

 

[IlarMeilyr]

When you prefer talking to those with whom you agree over discussing topics with those of different persuasions, it's likely you've realized your arguments have all failed.

And they have.

When YOU mindlessly repeat the articles of your FAITH but cannot even acknowledge the evidence that casts your faith into doubt, as you always do, it's without doubt that you are merely a hack cultist AGW Faither.

By the way if one large ocean getting warmer leads to inreased winds that cool down another large ocean, that sounds like a system at work.

Gaia be praised.

 

[Crick]

When YOU mindlessly repeat the articles of your FAITH but cannot even acknowledge the evidence that casts your faith into doubt, as you always do, it's without doubt that you are merely a hack cultist AGW Faither.

The articles I quote are not of faith, they are the products of the exercise of the scientific method by the world's mainstream climate scientists.

By the way if one large ocean getting warmer leads to inreased winds that cool down another large ocean, that sounds like a system at work.

And...?

 

[Billy_Bob]

The crick moron hasnt got a clue about ocean or other water acidification/alkilinazation.

A paper published Friday in Climate of the Past reconstructs water pH and temperature from a lake in central Japan over the past 280,000 years and clearly shows that pH increases [becomes more basic or alkaline] due to warmer temperatures, and vice-versa, becomes more acidic [or "acidified" if you prefer] due to cooling temperatures. This finding is the opposite of the false assumptions behind the “ocean acidification” scare, but is compatible with the basic chemistry of Henry’s Law and outgassing of CO2 from the oceans with warming....

These findings completely contradict the basis of the CAGW “acidification” scare and instead show that warming should make the oceans more alkaline, not “acidic.”

Clim. Past, 10, 1843-1855, 2014
http://www.clim-past.net/10/1843/2014/
doi:10.5194/cp-10-1843-2014
Water pH and temperature in Lake Biwa from MBT’/CBT indices during the last 280 000 years

Discussion Here

 

[Billy_Bob]

Global warming hiatus - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause[3] or a global warming slowdown,[4] is a period of a slower rate of increase of the global mean surface temperature (GMST), the globally average land and sea temperature at the bottom of the troposphere. This can occur during continued global warming of the Earth's climate system when overall energy uptake is balanced by increased subsurface–ocean heat uptake.[1]

Compared to the long term warming trend, hiatus periods of fifteen years are common in the surface temperature record. The term is currently used to refer to the period since the exceptionally warm year of 1998. While evidence of continued multi-decadal warming is robust, there is considerable variability on annual to decadal scales, so shorter periods of ten or fifteen years can show weaker or stronger trends.[1] Scientific research has continued into the extent to which this current hiatus is due to natural variability, and mechanisms which might have led to it.[5][6]

Climate variability
Pauses are part of natural climate variability, and their existence does not refute long-term climate change trends.[7][8] Also, other means of measuring climate change exist besides global mean surface temperatures, such as sea level rise, which has not stopped in recent years,[9] as well as continuing record high temperatures and Arctic sea ice decline.[10][11][12] Short term hiatus periods of global warming are compatible with long-term climate change patterns.[13]

Some evidence suggests that the hiatus over the past 15 years is largely an artifact of insufficient coverage of certain parts of the globe in calculating global temperatures.[14]

Research into mechanisms
There has been research proposing various mechanisms to explain the hiatus from 2000 to 2013. Several studies have proposed a role for the change in temperature of the Pacific or Atlantic Oceans in contributing to the hiatus.

Effects of oceans
One proposal is that the hiatus was a part of natural climate variability, specifically related to decadal cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific in the La Niña phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.[7] This has been explained as due to unprecedented strengthening of Pacific trade winds in the last 20 years, so that surface warming has been substantially slowed by increased subsurface ocean heat uptake caused by increased subduction in the Pacific shallow overturning cells, and increased equatorial upwelling in the central and eastern Pacific.[8]

A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This, the study concluded, contributed to the pause because such winds trap heat in the deep ocean.[15] Another study published later that month found evidence that a cycle of ocean currents in the Atlantic influences global temperatures by sinking large amounts of heat beneath the oceans, and suggested the hiatus might continue for ten more years because each phase of this cycle lasts for thirty years.[16][4]

Two papers were published by scientists of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in October 2014 in the same issue of Nature Climate Change. "Global warming is still happening; there is still sea-level rise," said Josh Willis, co-author of one of the studies,[17] and in the study's press release he wrote, "these findings do not throw suspicion on climate change itself."[18] This study was based on the fact that water expands as it gets warmer, and a straightforward subtraction calculation: From the total amount of sea level rise, they subtracted that due to the expected expansion of the upper ocean, and that due to added meltwater worldwide. The remainder, representing the amount of sea level rise caused by warming in the deep ocean, was "essentially zero."[19] According to the other study, the upper layers of the Southern Ocean warmed at a much greater rate between 1970 and 2005 than previously thought, because before the deployment of Argo floats, temperature measurements in the Southern Ocean were "spotty, at best."[19] That the oceans warmed in the past significantly faster than we thought would imply that the effects of climate change could be worse than currently expected, placing theplanet's sensitivity to CO
2 toward the higher end of its possible range.[18]

Other mechanisms
Additional proposed causes of the decreased rate of warming over the past 15 years include increased sulfur emissions from volcanic activity,[20][21] the emission of pine-smelling vapors from pine forests, which have been shown to turn into aerosols,[22][23] and the ban onchlorofluorocarbons as a result of the Montreal Protocol, since they were potent greenhouse gases in addition to their ozone-depleting properties.[24][25]

Commentary
A joint report from the UK Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences in February 2014 said that there is no "pause" in climate change and that the temporary and short-term slowdown in the rate of increase in average global surface temperatures in the non-polar regions is likely to start accelerating again in the near future. "Globally averaged surface temperature has slowed down. I wouldn’t say it's paused. It depends on the datasets you look at. If you look at datasets that include the Arctic, it is clear that global temperatures are still increasing," said Tim Palmer, a co-author of the report and a professor at University of Oxford.[26]

In a presentation to the American Physical Society, William (Bill) Collins of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and lead author of the modeling Chapter 9 of the IPCC AR5 said "Now, I am hedging a bet because, to be honest with you, if the hiatus is still going on as of the sixth IPCC report, that report is going to have a large burden on its shoulders walking in the door, because recent literature has shown that the chances of having a hiatus of 20 years are vanishingly small."[27]

For many years those opposed to action on global warming have been arguing that global warming has stopped since the record-breaking warm El Niño year of 1998: an example appeared as an opinion piece in the Daily Telegraph in 2006, and was rebutted at the time. These arguments were given new prominence in media reporting in March 2013. Research explaining the issue was after the deadline for inclusion in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and a leaked draft of the report was publicised by the press in August with assertions that scientists were struggling to explain the hiatus. When the full report was published that November the wording was clarified, but this minor issue was given prominent attention in media coverage of the publication.[3]

Two independent studies published in August 2014 concluded that, once surface temperatures start rising again, it is most likely that "they will keep going up without a break for the rest of the century, unless we cut greenhouse gas emissions."[28] Watanabe et al said, "this warming hiatus originated from eastern equatorial Pacific cooling associated with strengthening of trade winds," and that while decadal climate variability has a considerable effect on global mean surface temperatures, its influence is gradually decreasing compared to the on-going man-made global warming.[29] Maher et al found that under the existing and projected high rates of greenhouse gas emissions there is little chance of another hiatus decade occurring after 2030, even if there were a large volcanic eruption after that time. They went on to say that most non-volcanic warming hiatuses are associated with enhanced cooling at the surface in the equatorial Pacific, which is linked to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.[30]

Another study, published in September 2014, found that had present-day climate models been available in the mid-1990s, this hiatus could have been forecast at that time.[31][32]

World Meteorological Organisation climate report
When announcing the annual World Meteorological Organisation climate report in March 2014, the WMO secretary-general Michel Jarraud said that there had been no pause, with 2013 continuing a long-term warming trend showing "no standstill in global warming". 2013 had been the sixth warmest year on record, and 13 of the 14 warmest years on record had occurred since the start of 2000.[33] He said that "The warming of our oceans has accelerated, and at lower depths. More than 90 percent of the excess energy trapped by greenhouse gases is stored in the oceans."[34]

The report itself stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content. About 93 per cent of the excess heat trapped in the Earth system between 1971 and 2010 was taken up by the ocean." From 2000 to 2013 the oceans had gained around three times as much heat as in the preceding 20 years, and while before 2000 most of the heat had been trapped between the sea surface and 700 metres (2,300 ft) depth, from 2000 to 2013 most heat had been stored between 700 and 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) depth. It proposed this could be due to changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation around the tropical Pacific Ocean, interacting with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and thePacific Decadal Oscillation.[35]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Despite the robust multi-decadal warming, there exists substantial interannual to decadal variability in the rate of warming, with several periods exhibiting weaker trends (including the warming hiatus since 1998) ... Fifteen-year-long hiatus periods are common in both the observed and CMIP5 historical GMST time series", "Box TS.3: Climate Models and the Hiatus in Global Mean Surface Warming of the Past 15 Years", IPCC, Climate Change 2013:Technical Summary, p. 37 and pp. 61–63.
2. Jump up^ Kennedy, Caitlin (8 November 2013). "Why did Earth’s surface temperature stop rising in the past decade?". NOAA. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Mooney, Chris (7 October 2013). "Who Created the Global Warming "Pause"?". Mother Jones. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b McGrath, Matt (21 August 2014). "Global warming slowdown 'could last another decade'". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
5. Jump up^ UK Met Office, July 2013. "The recent pause in warming".
6. Jump up^ David Shukman, BBC. "Why has global warming stalled?".
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Kosaka Y, Xie SP (September 2013). "Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling". Nature 501 (7467): 403–7. doi:10.1038/nature12534. PMID 23995690. "Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global warming, but their relative importance has not been quantified, hampering observational estimates of climate sensitivity. Here we show that accounting for recent cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations. ... Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase."
8. ^ Jump up to:a b England, Matthew (February 2014). "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus". Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106.
9. Jump up^ Ogburn, Stephanie Paige (1 November 2013). "Has Global Warming Paused?". Scientific American. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
10. Jump up^ Seneviratne, S. I.; Donat, M. G.; Mueller, B.; Alexander, L. V. (2014). "No pause in the increase of hot temperature extremes".Nature Climate Change 4 (3): 161. doi:10.1038/nclimate2145. edit
11. Jump up^ Sillmann, Jana; Donat, Markus G; Fyfe, John C; Zwiers, Francis W (1 May 2014). "Observed and simulated temperature extremes during the recent warming hiatus". Environmental Research Letters9 (6): 064023. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064023.
12. Jump up^ Chung, Emily (26 February 2014). "No global warming 'hiatus' for extreme heat days". CBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
13. Jump up^ Jenkins, Amber (21 September 2009). "The ups and downs of global warming". NASA. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
14. Jump up^ Cowtan, K.; Way, R. G. (2014). "Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends".Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: n/a.doi:10.1002/qj.2297. edit
15. Jump up^ McGregor, Shayne; Timmermann, Axel; Stuecker, Malte F.; England, Matthew H.; Merrifield, Mark; Jin, Fei-Fei; Chikamoto, Yoshimitsu (3 August 2014). "Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming".Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2330.
16. Jump up^ Chen, X.; Tung, K.-K. (21 August 2014). "Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration". Science 345(6199): 897–903. doi:10.1126/science.1254937.
17. Jump up^ Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (7 October 2014). "RESEARCH: Conflicting ocean studies renew a scientific argument over a warming 'pause'". E&E Publishing. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b Abrams, Lindsay (8 October 2014). "The global warming scandal that wasn’t: Conservative media’s latest claim is full of hot air". Salon. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b NASA release 14-272 October 6, 2014. "NASA Study Finds Earth’s Ocean Abyss Has Not Warmed".
20. Jump up^ Santer, B. D.; Bonfils, C. L.; Painter, J. F.; Zelinka, M. D.; Mears, C.; Solomon, S.; Schmidt, G. A.; Fyfe, J. C.; Cole, J. N. S.; Nazarenko, L.; Taylor, K. E.; Wentz, F. J. (2014). "Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature". Nature Geoscience.doi:10.1038/ngeo2098. edit
21. Jump up^ Doyle, Alister (23 February 2014). "Sun-dimming volcanoes partly explain global warming hiatus-study". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
22. Jump up^ Ehn, Mikael; Thornton, Joel A.; Kleist, Einhard; Sipilä, Mikko; Junninen, Heikki; Pullinen, Iida; Springer, Monika; Rubach, Florian; Tillmann, Ralf; Lee, Ben; Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe; Andres, Stefanie; Acir, Ismail-Hakki; Rissanen, Matti; Jokinen, Tuija; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Kangasluoma, Juha; Kontkanen, Jenni; Nieminen, Tuomo; Kurtén, Theo; Nielsen, Lasse B.; Jørgensen, Solvejg; Kjaergaard, Henrik G.; Canagaratna, Manjula; Maso, Miikka Dal; Berndt, Torsten; Petäjä, Tuukka; Wahner, Andreas; Kerminen, Veli-Matti; Kulmala, Markku; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Wildt, Jürgen; Mentel, Thomas F. (26 February 2014). "A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol". Nature 506 (7489): 476–479.doi:10.1038/nature13032.
23. Jump up^ McGrath, Matt (26 February 2014). "Smell of forest pine can limit climate change - researchers". BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
24. Jump up^ Estrada, F.; Perron, P.; Martínez-López, B. N. (2013). "Statistically derived contributions of diverse human influences to twentieth-century temperature changes". Nature Geoscience 6 (12): 1050.doi:10.1038/ngeo1999. edit
25. Jump up^ McGrath, Matt (10 November 2013). "Ozone chemicals ban linked to global warming 'pause'". BBC. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
26. Jump up^ Connor, Steve (27 February 2014). "Now the two most famous scientific institutions in Britain and the US agree: 'Climate change is more certain than ever'". The Independent. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
27. Jump up^ Collins, William. "American Physical Society Climate Change Statement Review Workshop". American Physical Society. p. 92. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
28. Jump up^ Slezak, Michael (3 September 2014). "No more pause: Warming will be non-stop from now on". New Scientist (2985) (Reed Business Information). Retrieved 14 September 2014.
29. Jump up^ Watanabe, Masahiro; Shiogama, Hideo; Tatebe, Hiroaki; Hayashi, Michiya; Ishii, Masayoshi; Kimoto, Masahide (31 August 2014)."Contribution of natural decadal variability to global warming acceleration and hiatus". Nature Climate Change.doi:10.1038/nclimate2355. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
30. Jump up^ Maher, Nicola; Gupta, Alexander Sen; England, Matthew H. (20 August 2014). "Drivers of decadal hiatus periods in the 20th and 21st centuries". Geophysical Research Letters.doi:10.1002/2014GL060527. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
31. Jump up^ Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan; Arblaster, Julie M. (7 September 2014). "Climate model simulations of the observed early-2000s hiatus of global warming". Nature Climate Change 4 (10): 898–902.doi:10.1038/nclimate2357.
32. Jump up^ Davey, Melissa (9 September 2014). "Research shows surprise global warming 'hiatus' could have been forecast". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
33. Jump up^ Vaughan, Adam (24 March 2014). "13 of 14 warmest years on record occurred in 21st century – UN : Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
34. Jump up^ Evans, Robert (24 March 2014). "Global warming not stopped, will go on for centuries: WMO". Reuters. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
35. Jump up^ "E-Library: WMO Statement on the status of the global climate in 2013". World Meteorological Organisation. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.

A Wikipedia wall-o-crap! There is so much wrong with this I dont know where to start...

 

[Old Rocks]

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes

Abstract
Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 414–432.Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the seawater chemistry of the world’s oceans with consequences for marine biota. Elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is causing the calcium carbonate saturation horizon to shoal in many regions, particularly in high latitudes and regions that intersect with pronounced hypoxic zones. The ability of marine animals, most importantly pteropod molluscs, foraminifera, and some benthic invertebrates, to produce calcareous skeletal structures is directly affected by seawater CO2 chemistry. CO2influences the physiology of marine organisms as well through acid-base imbalance and reduced oxygen transport capacity. The few studies at relevant pCO2 levels impede our ability to predict future impacts on foodweb dynamics and other ecosystem processes. Here we present new observations, review available data, and identify priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification. We conclude that ocean acidification and the synergistic impacts of other anthropogenic stressors provide great potential for widespread changes to marine ecosystems.

Poor Billy Boob. Still presenting himself as a boob.

 

[Old Rocks]

Google Scholar Citations

Authors
Ken Caldeira, Michael E Wickett
Publication date
2003/9/25
Journal
Nature
Volume
425
Issue
6956
Pages
365-365
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
Description
Abstract Most carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the burning of fossil fuels will eventually be absorbed by the ocean 1, with potentially adverse consequences for marine biota 2, 3, 4. Here we quantify the changes in ocean pH that may result from this continued release of CO 2 and compare these with pH changes estimated from geological and historical records. We find that oceanic absorption of CO 2 from fossil fuels may result in larger pH changes over the next several centuries than any inferred from the geological ...

Real scientists publishing real research, not the babbling of a boob.

 

[Old Rocks]

Effects of ocean acidification on benthic processes organisms and ecosystems Andreas Andersson

Effects of ocean acidification on benthic processes, organisms, and ecosystems

Citation:
Andersson, AJ, Mackenzie FT, Gattuso J-P. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on benthic processes, organisms, and ecosystems. Ocean Acidification. ( Gattuso J, Hansson L, Eds.).:xix,326p.., Oxford England ; New York: Oxford University Press
Export

Keywords:
Ocean acidification.
Abstract:
The ocean helps moderate climate change thanks to its considerable capacity to store CO2, through the combined actions of ocean physics, chemistry, and biology. This storage capacity limits the amount of human-released CO2 remaining in the atmosphere. As CO2 reacts with seawater, it generates dramatic changes in carbonate chemistry, including decreases in pH and carbonate ions and an increase in bicarbonate ions. The consequences of this overall process, known as "ocean acidification", are raising concerns for the biological, ecological, and biogeochemical health of the world's oceans, as well as for the potential societal implications. This research level text is the first to synthesize the very latest understanding of the consequences of ocean acidification, with the intention of informing both future research agendas and marine management policy. A prestigious list of authors has been assembled, among them the coordinators of major national and international projects on ocean acidification.

There are hundreds of articles showing the effects of the additional 42% of CO2 we have added to the atmosphere.

 

[Old Rocks]

Global warming hiatus - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause[3] or a global warming slowdown,[4] is a period of a slower rate of increase of the global mean surface temperature (GMST), the globally average land and sea temperature at the bottom of the troposphere. This can occur during continued global warming of the Earth's climate system when overall energy uptake is balanced by increased subsurface–ocean heat uptake.[1]

Compared to the long term warming trend, hiatus periods of fifteen years are common in the surface temperature record. The term is currently used to refer to the period since the exceptionally warm year of 1998. While evidence of continued multi-decadal warming is robust, there is considerable variability on annual to decadal scales, so shorter periods of ten or fifteen years can show weaker or stronger trends.[1] Scientific research has continued into the extent to which this current hiatus is due to natural variability, and mechanisms which might have led to it.[5][6]

Climate variability
Pauses are part of natural climate variability, and their existence does not refute long-term climate change trends.[7][8] Also, other means of measuring climate change exist besides global mean surface temperatures, such as sea level rise, which has not stopped in recent years,[9] as well as continuing record high temperatures and Arctic sea ice decline.[10][11][12] Short term hiatus periods of global warming are compatible with long-term climate change patterns.[13]

Some evidence suggests that the hiatus over the past 15 years is largely an artifact of insufficient coverage of certain parts of the globe in calculating global temperatures.[14]

Research into mechanisms
There has been research proposing various mechanisms to explain the hiatus from 2000 to 2013. Several studies have proposed a role for the change in temperature of the Pacific or Atlantic Oceans in contributing to the hiatus.

Effects of oceans
One proposal is that the hiatus was a part of natural climate variability, specifically related to decadal cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific in the La Niña phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.[7] This has been explained as due to unprecedented strengthening of Pacific trade winds in the last 20 years, so that surface warming has been substantially slowed by increased subsurface ocean heat uptake caused by increased subduction in the Pacific shallow overturning cells, and increased equatorial upwelling in the central and eastern Pacific.[8]

A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This, the study concluded, contributed to the pause because such winds trap heat in the deep ocean.[15] Another study published later that month found evidence that a cycle of ocean currents in the Atlantic influences global temperatures by sinking large amounts of heat beneath the oceans, and suggested the hiatus might continue for ten more years because each phase of this cycle lasts for thirty years.[16][4]

Two papers were published by scientists of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in October 2014 in the same issue of Nature Climate Change. "Global warming is still happening; there is still sea-level rise," said Josh Willis, co-author of one of the studies,[17] and in the study's press release he wrote, "these findings do not throw suspicion on climate change itself."[18] This study was based on the fact that water expands as it gets warmer, and a straightforward subtraction calculation: From the total amount of sea level rise, they subtracted that due to the expected expansion of the upper ocean, and that due to added meltwater worldwide. The remainder, representing the amount of sea level rise caused by warming in the deep ocean, was "essentially zero."[19] According to the other study, the upper layers of the Southern Ocean warmed at a much greater rate between 1970 and 2005 than previously thought, because before the deployment of Argo floats, temperature measurements in the Southern Ocean were "spotty, at best."[19] That the oceans warmed in the past significantly faster than we thought would imply that the effects of climate change could be worse than currently expected, placing theplanet's sensitivity to CO
2 toward the higher end of its possible range.[18]

Other mechanisms
Additional proposed causes of the decreased rate of warming over the past 15 years include increased sulfur emissions from volcanic activity,[20][21] the emission of pine-smelling vapors from pine forests, which have been shown to turn into aerosols,[22][23] and the ban onchlorofluorocarbons as a result of the Montreal Protocol, since they were potent greenhouse gases in addition to their ozone-depleting properties.[24][25]

Commentary
A joint report from the UK Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences in February 2014 said that there is no "pause" in climate change and that the temporary and short-term slowdown in the rate of increase in average global surface temperatures in the non-polar regions is likely to start accelerating again in the near future. "Globally averaged surface temperature has slowed down. I wouldn’t say it's paused. It depends on the datasets you look at. If you look at datasets that include the Arctic, it is clear that global temperatures are still increasing," said Tim Palmer, a co-author of the report and a professor at University of Oxford.[26]

In a presentation to the American Physical Society, William (Bill) Collins of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and lead author of the modeling Chapter 9 of the IPCC AR5 said "Now, I am hedging a bet because, to be honest with you, if the hiatus is still going on as of the sixth IPCC report, that report is going to have a large burden on its shoulders walking in the door, because recent literature has shown that the chances of having a hiatus of 20 years are vanishingly small."[27]

For many years those opposed to action on global warming have been arguing that global warming has stopped since the record-breaking warm El Niño year of 1998: an example appeared as an opinion piece in the Daily Telegraph in 2006, and was rebutted at the time. These arguments were given new prominence in media reporting in March 2013. Research explaining the issue was after the deadline for inclusion in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and a leaked draft of the report was publicised by the press in August with assertions that scientists were struggling to explain the hiatus. When the full report was published that November the wording was clarified, but this minor issue was given prominent attention in media coverage of the publication.[3]

Two independent studies published in August 2014 concluded that, once surface temperatures start rising again, it is most likely that "they will keep going up without a break for the rest of the century, unless we cut greenhouse gas emissions."[28] Watanabe et al said, "this warming hiatus originated from eastern equatorial Pacific cooling associated with strengthening of trade winds," and that while decadal climate variability has a considerable effect on global mean surface temperatures, its influence is gradually decreasing compared to the on-going man-made global warming.[29] Maher et al found that under the existing and projected high rates of greenhouse gas emissions there is little chance of another hiatus decade occurring after 2030, even if there were a large volcanic eruption after that time. They went on to say that most non-volcanic warming hiatuses are associated with enhanced cooling at the surface in the equatorial Pacific, which is linked to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.[30]

Another study, published in September 2014, found that had present-day climate models been available in the mid-1990s, this hiatus could have been forecast at that time.[31][32]

World Meteorological Organisation climate report
When announcing the annual World Meteorological Organisation climate report in March 2014, the WMO secretary-general Michel Jarraud said that there had been no pause, with 2013 continuing a long-term warming trend showing "no standstill in global warming". 2013 had been the sixth warmest year on record, and 13 of the 14 warmest years on record had occurred since the start of 2000.[33] He said that "The warming of our oceans has accelerated, and at lower depths. More than 90 percent of the excess energy trapped by greenhouse gases is stored in the oceans."[34]

The report itself stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content. About 93 per cent of the excess heat trapped in the Earth system between 1971 and 2010 was taken up by the ocean." From 2000 to 2013 the oceans had gained around three times as much heat as in the preceding 20 years, and while before 2000 most of the heat had been trapped between the sea surface and 700 metres (2,300 ft) depth, from 2000 to 2013 most heat had been stored between 700 and 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) depth. It proposed this could be due to changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation around the tropical Pacific Ocean, interacting with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and thePacific Decadal Oscillation.[35]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Despite the robust multi-decadal warming, there exists substantial interannual to decadal variability in the rate of warming, with several periods exhibiting weaker trends (including the warming hiatus since 1998) ... Fifteen-year-long hiatus periods are common in both the observed and CMIP5 historical GMST time series", "Box TS.3: Climate Models and the Hiatus in Global Mean Surface Warming of the Past 15 Years", IPCC, Climate Change 2013:Technical Summary, p. 37 and pp. 61–63.
2. Jump up^ Kennedy, Caitlin (8 November 2013). "Why did Earth’s surface temperature stop rising in the past decade?". NOAA. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Mooney, Chris (7 October 2013). "Who Created the Global Warming "Pause"?". Mother Jones. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b McGrath, Matt (21 August 2014). "Global warming slowdown 'could last another decade'". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
5. Jump up^ UK Met Office, July 2013. "The recent pause in warming".
6. Jump up^ David Shukman, BBC. "Why has global warming stalled?".
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Kosaka Y, Xie SP (September 2013). "Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling". Nature 501 (7467): 403–7. doi:10.1038/nature12534. PMID 23995690. "Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global warming, but their relative importance has not been quantified, hampering observational estimates of climate sensitivity. Here we show that accounting for recent cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations. ... Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase."
8. ^ Jump up to:a b England, Matthew (February 2014). "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus". Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106.
9. Jump up^ Ogburn, Stephanie Paige (1 November 2013). "Has Global Warming Paused?". Scientific American. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
10. Jump up^ Seneviratne, S. I.; Donat, M. G.; Mueller, B.; Alexander, L. V. (2014). "No pause in the increase of hot temperature extremes".Nature Climate Change 4 (3): 161. doi:10.1038/nclimate2145. edit
11. Jump up^ Sillmann, Jana; Donat, Markus G; Fyfe, John C; Zwiers, Francis W (1 May 2014). "Observed and simulated temperature extremes during the recent warming hiatus". Environmental Research Letters9 (6): 064023. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064023.
12. Jump up^ Chung, Emily (26 February 2014). "No global warming 'hiatus' for extreme heat days". CBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
13. Jump up^ Jenkins, Amber (21 September 2009). "The ups and downs of global warming". NASA. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
14. Jump up^ Cowtan, K.; Way, R. G. (2014). "Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends".Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: n/a.doi:10.1002/qj.2297. edit
15. Jump up^ McGregor, Shayne; Timmermann, Axel; Stuecker, Malte F.; England, Matthew H.; Merrifield, Mark; Jin, Fei-Fei; Chikamoto, Yoshimitsu (3 August 2014). "Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming".Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2330.
16. Jump up^ Chen, X.; Tung, K.-K. (21 August 2014). "Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration". Science 345(6199): 897–903. doi:10.1126/science.1254937.
17. Jump up^ Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (7 October 2014). "RESEARCH: Conflicting ocean studies renew a scientific argument over a warming 'pause'". E&E Publishing. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b Abrams, Lindsay (8 October 2014). "The global warming scandal that wasn’t: Conservative media’s latest claim is full of hot air". Salon. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b NASA release 14-272 October 6, 2014. "NASA Study Finds Earth’s Ocean Abyss Has Not Warmed".
20. Jump up^ Santer, B. D.; Bonfils, C. L.; Painter, J. F.; Zelinka, M. D.; Mears, C.; Solomon, S.; Schmidt, G. A.; Fyfe, J. C.; Cole, J. N. S.; Nazarenko, L.; Taylor, K. E.; Wentz, F. J. (2014). "Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature". Nature Geoscience.doi:10.1038/ngeo2098. edit
21. Jump up^ Doyle, Alister (23 February 2014). "Sun-dimming volcanoes partly explain global warming hiatus-study". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
22. Jump up^ Ehn, Mikael; Thornton, Joel A.; Kleist, Einhard; Sipilä, Mikko; Junninen, Heikki; Pullinen, Iida; Springer, Monika; Rubach, Florian; Tillmann, Ralf; Lee, Ben; Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe; Andres, Stefanie; Acir, Ismail-Hakki; Rissanen, Matti; Jokinen, Tuija; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Kangasluoma, Juha; Kontkanen, Jenni; Nieminen, Tuomo; Kurtén, Theo; Nielsen, Lasse B.; Jørgensen, Solvejg; Kjaergaard, Henrik G.; Canagaratna, Manjula; Maso, Miikka Dal; Berndt, Torsten; Petäjä, Tuukka; Wahner, Andreas; Kerminen, Veli-Matti; Kulmala, Markku; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Wildt, Jürgen; Mentel, Thomas F. (26 February 2014). "A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol". Nature 506 (7489): 476–479.doi:10.1038/nature13032.
23. Jump up^ McGrath, Matt (26 February 2014). "Smell of forest pine can limit climate change - researchers". BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
24. Jump up^ Estrada, F.; Perron, P.; Martínez-López, B. N. (2013). "Statistically derived contributions of diverse human influences to twentieth-century temperature changes". Nature Geoscience 6 (12): 1050.doi:10.1038/ngeo1999. edit
25. Jump up^ McGrath, Matt (10 November 2013). "Ozone chemicals ban linked to global warming 'pause'". BBC. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
26. Jump up^ Connor, Steve (27 February 2014). "Now the two most famous scientific institutions in Britain and the US agree: 'Climate change is more certain than ever'". The Independent. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
27. Jump up^ Collins, William. "American Physical Society Climate Change Statement Review Workshop". American Physical Society. p. 92. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
28. Jump up^ Slezak, Michael (3 September 2014). "No more pause: Warming will be non-stop from now on". New Scientist (2985) (Reed Business Information). Retrieved 14 September 2014.
29. Jump up^ Watanabe, Masahiro; Shiogama, Hideo; Tatebe, Hiroaki; Hayashi, Michiya; Ishii, Masayoshi; Kimoto, Masahide (31 August 2014)."Contribution of natural decadal variability to global warming acceleration and hiatus". Nature Climate Change.doi:10.1038/nclimate2355. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
30. Jump up^ Maher, Nicola; Gupta, Alexander Sen; England, Matthew H. (20 August 2014). "Drivers of decadal hiatus periods in the 20th and 21st centuries". Geophysical Research Letters.doi:10.1002/2014GL060527. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
31. Jump up^ Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan; Arblaster, Julie M. (7 September 2014). "Climate model simulations of the observed early-2000s hiatus of global warming". Nature Climate Change 4 (10): 898–902.doi:10.1038/nclimate2357.
32. Jump up^ Davey, Melissa (9 September 2014). "Research shows surprise global warming 'hiatus' could have been forecast". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
33. Jump up^ Vaughan, Adam (24 March 2014). "13 of 14 warmest years on record occurred in 21st century – UN : Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
34. Jump up^ Evans, Robert (24 March 2014). "Global warming not stopped, will go on for centuries: WMO". Reuters. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
35. Jump up^ "E-Library: WMO Statement on the status of the global climate in 2013". World Meteorological Organisation. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.

A Wikipedia wall-o-crap! There is so much wrong with this I dont know where to start...

Well, then don't start, you dumb fuck. No reason to prove what an ignoramous you are once again.

 

[Billy_Bob]

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes

Abstract
Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 414–432.Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the seawater chemistry of the world’s oceans with consequences for marine biota. Elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is causing the calcium carbonate saturation horizon to shoal in many regions, particularly in high latitudes and regions that intersect with pronounced hypoxic zones. The ability of marine animals, most importantly pteropod molluscs, foraminifera, and some benthic invertebrates, to produce calcareous skeletal structures is directly affected by seawater CO2 chemistry. CO2influences the physiology of marine organisms as well through acid-base imbalance and reduced oxygen transport capacity. The few studies at relevant pCO2 levels impede our ability to predict future impacts on foodweb dynamics and other ecosystem processes. Here we present new observations, review available data, and identify priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification. We conclude that ocean acidification and the synergistic impacts of other anthropogenic stressors provide great potential for widespread changes to marine ecosystems.

Poor Billy Boob. Still presenting himself as a boob.

The only Boob here is you!.. touting discredited papers as truth.....

 

[gipper]

No amount of evidence proving AGW a fraud and a leftist political movement, will change the warmest.

 

[Billy_Bob]

Global warming hiatus - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause[3] or a global warming slowdown,[4] is a period of a slower rate of increase of the global mean surface temperature (GMST), the globally average land and sea temperature at the bottom of the troposphere. This can occur during continued global warming of the Earth's climate system when overall energy uptake is balanced by increased subsurface–ocean heat uptake.[1]

Compared to the long term warming trend, hiatus periods of fifteen years are common in the surface temperature record. The term is currently used to refer to the period since the exceptionally warm year of 1998. While evidence of continued multi-decadal warming is robust, there is considerable variability on annual to decadal scales, so shorter periods of ten or fifteen years can show weaker or stronger trends.[1] Scientific research has continued into the extent to which this current hiatus is due to natural variability, and mechanisms which might have led to it.[5][6]

Climate variability
Pauses are part of natural climate variability, and their existence does not refute long-term climate change trends.[7][8] Also, other means of measuring climate change exist besides global mean surface temperatures, such as sea level rise, which has not stopped in recent years,[9] as well as continuing record high temperatures and Arctic sea ice decline.[10][11][12] Short term hiatus periods of global warming are compatible with long-term climate change patterns.[13]

Some evidence suggests that the hiatus over the past 15 years is largely an artifact of insufficient coverage of certain parts of the globe in calculating global temperatures.[14]

Research into mechanisms
There has been research proposing various mechanisms to explain the hiatus from 2000 to 2013. Several studies have proposed a role for the change in temperature of the Pacific or Atlantic Oceans in contributing to the hiatus.

Effects of oceans
One proposal is that the hiatus was a part of natural climate variability, specifically related to decadal cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific in the La Niña phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.[7] This has been explained as due to unprecedented strengthening of Pacific trade winds in the last 20 years, so that surface warming has been substantially slowed by increased subsurface ocean heat uptake caused by increased subduction in the Pacific shallow overturning cells, and increased equatorial upwelling in the central and eastern Pacific.[8]

A study published on August 3, 2014 reported that the rapid warming of the Atlantic Ocean has increased trade winds, thereby cooling temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This, the study concluded, contributed to the pause because such winds trap heat in the deep ocean.[15] Another study published later that month found evidence that a cycle of ocean currents in the Atlantic influences global temperatures by sinking large amounts of heat beneath the oceans, and suggested the hiatus might continue for ten more years because each phase of this cycle lasts for thirty years.[16][4]

Two papers were published by scientists of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in October 2014 in the same issue of Nature Climate Change. "Global warming is still happening; there is still sea-level rise," said Josh Willis, co-author of one of the studies,[17] and in the study's press release he wrote, "these findings do not throw suspicion on climate change itself."[18] This study was based on the fact that water expands as it gets warmer, and a straightforward subtraction calculation: From the total amount of sea level rise, they subtracted that due to the expected expansion of the upper ocean, and that due to added meltwater worldwide. The remainder, representing the amount of sea level rise caused by warming in the deep ocean, was "essentially zero."[19] According to the other study, the upper layers of the Southern Ocean warmed at a much greater rate between 1970 and 2005 than previously thought, because before the deployment of Argo floats, temperature measurements in the Southern Ocean were "spotty, at best."[19] That the oceans warmed in the past significantly faster than we thought would imply that the effects of climate change could be worse than currently expected, placing theplanet's sensitivity to CO
2 toward the higher end of its possible range.[18]

Other mechanisms
Additional proposed causes of the decreased rate of warming over the past 15 years include increased sulfur emissions from volcanic activity,[20][21] the emission of pine-smelling vapors from pine forests, which have been shown to turn into aerosols,[22][23] and the ban onchlorofluorocarbons as a result of the Montreal Protocol, since they were potent greenhouse gases in addition to their ozone-depleting properties.[24][25]

Commentary
A joint report from the UK Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences in February 2014 said that there is no "pause" in climate change and that the temporary and short-term slowdown in the rate of increase in average global surface temperatures in the non-polar regions is likely to start accelerating again in the near future. "Globally averaged surface temperature has slowed down. I wouldn’t say it's paused. It depends on the datasets you look at. If you look at datasets that include the Arctic, it is clear that global temperatures are still increasing," said Tim Palmer, a co-author of the report and a professor at University of Oxford.[26]

In a presentation to the American Physical Society, William (Bill) Collins of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and lead author of the modeling Chapter 9 of the IPCC AR5 said "Now, I am hedging a bet because, to be honest with you, if the hiatus is still going on as of the sixth IPCC report, that report is going to have a large burden on its shoulders walking in the door, because recent literature has shown that the chances of having a hiatus of 20 years are vanishingly small."[27]

For many years those opposed to action on global warming have been arguing that global warming has stopped since the record-breaking warm El Niño year of 1998: an example appeared as an opinion piece in the Daily Telegraph in 2006, and was rebutted at the time. These arguments were given new prominence in media reporting in March 2013. Research explaining the issue was after the deadline for inclusion in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and a leaked draft of the report was publicised by the press in August with assertions that scientists were struggling to explain the hiatus. When the full report was published that November the wording was clarified, but this minor issue was given prominent attention in media coverage of the publication.[3]

Two independent studies published in August 2014 concluded that, once surface temperatures start rising again, it is most likely that "they will keep going up without a break for the rest of the century, unless we cut greenhouse gas emissions."[28] Watanabe et al said, "this warming hiatus originated from eastern equatorial Pacific cooling associated with strengthening of trade winds," and that while decadal climate variability has a considerable effect on global mean surface temperatures, its influence is gradually decreasing compared to the on-going man-made global warming.[29] Maher et al found that under the existing and projected high rates of greenhouse gas emissions there is little chance of another hiatus decade occurring after 2030, even if there were a large volcanic eruption after that time. They went on to say that most non-volcanic warming hiatuses are associated with enhanced cooling at the surface in the equatorial Pacific, which is linked to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.[30]

Another study, published in September 2014, found that had present-day climate models been available in the mid-1990s, this hiatus could have been forecast at that time.[31][32]

World Meteorological Organisation climate report
When announcing the annual World Meteorological Organisation climate report in March 2014, the WMO secretary-general Michel Jarraud said that there had been no pause, with 2013 continuing a long-term warming trend showing "no standstill in global warming". 2013 had been the sixth warmest year on record, and 13 of the 14 warmest years on record had occurred since the start of 2000.[33] He said that "The warming of our oceans has accelerated, and at lower depths. More than 90 percent of the excess energy trapped by greenhouse gases is stored in the oceans."[34]

The report itself stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content. About 93 per cent of the excess heat trapped in the Earth system between 1971 and 2010 was taken up by the ocean." From 2000 to 2013 the oceans had gained around three times as much heat as in the preceding 20 years, and while before 2000 most of the heat had been trapped between the sea surface and 700 metres (2,300 ft) depth, from 2000 to 2013 most heat had been stored between 700 and 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) depth. It proposed this could be due to changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation around the tropical Pacific Ocean, interacting with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and thePacific Decadal Oscillation.[35]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Despite the robust multi-decadal warming, there exists substantial interannual to decadal variability in the rate of warming, with several periods exhibiting weaker trends (including the warming hiatus since 1998) ... Fifteen-year-long hiatus periods are common in both the observed and CMIP5 historical GMST time series", "Box TS.3: Climate Models and the Hiatus in Global Mean Surface Warming of the Past 15 Years", IPCC, Climate Change 2013:Technical Summary, p. 37 and pp. 61–63.
2. Jump up^ Kennedy, Caitlin (8 November 2013). "Why did Earth’s surface temperature stop rising in the past decade?". NOAA. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Mooney, Chris (7 October 2013). "Who Created the Global Warming "Pause"?". Mother Jones. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b McGrath, Matt (21 August 2014). "Global warming slowdown 'could last another decade'". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
5. Jump up^ UK Met Office, July 2013. "The recent pause in warming".
6. Jump up^ David Shukman, BBC. "Why has global warming stalled?".
7. ^ Jump up to:a b Kosaka Y, Xie SP (September 2013). "Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling". Nature 501 (7467): 403–7. doi:10.1038/nature12534. PMID 23995690. "Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global warming, but their relative importance has not been quantified, hampering observational estimates of climate sensitivity. Here we show that accounting for recent cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations. ... Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase."
8. ^ Jump up to:a b England, Matthew (February 2014). "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus". Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2106.
9. Jump up^ Ogburn, Stephanie Paige (1 November 2013). "Has Global Warming Paused?". Scientific American. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
10. Jump up^ Seneviratne, S. I.; Donat, M. G.; Mueller, B.; Alexander, L. V. (2014). "No pause in the increase of hot temperature extremes".Nature Climate Change 4 (3): 161. doi:10.1038/nclimate2145. edit
11. Jump up^ Sillmann, Jana; Donat, Markus G; Fyfe, John C; Zwiers, Francis W (1 May 2014). "Observed and simulated temperature extremes during the recent warming hiatus". Environmental Research Letters9 (6): 064023. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064023.
12. Jump up^ Chung, Emily (26 February 2014). "No global warming 'hiatus' for extreme heat days". CBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
13. Jump up^ Jenkins, Amber (21 September 2009). "The ups and downs of global warming". NASA. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
14. Jump up^ Cowtan, K.; Way, R. G. (2014). "Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends".Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: n/a.doi:10.1002/qj.2297. edit
15. Jump up^ McGregor, Shayne; Timmermann, Axel; Stuecker, Malte F.; England, Matthew H.; Merrifield, Mark; Jin, Fei-Fei; Chikamoto, Yoshimitsu (3 August 2014). "Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming".Nature Climate Change. doi:10.1038/nclimate2330.
16. Jump up^ Chen, X.; Tung, K.-K. (21 August 2014). "Varying planetary heat sink led to global-warming slowdown and acceleration". Science 345(6199): 897–903. doi:10.1126/science.1254937.
17. Jump up^ Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (7 October 2014). "RESEARCH: Conflicting ocean studies renew a scientific argument over a warming 'pause'". E&E Publishing. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b Abrams, Lindsay (8 October 2014). "The global warming scandal that wasn’t: Conservative media’s latest claim is full of hot air". Salon. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b NASA release 14-272 October 6, 2014. "NASA Study Finds Earth’s Ocean Abyss Has Not Warmed".
20. Jump up^ Santer, B. D.; Bonfils, C. L.; Painter, J. F.; Zelinka, M. D.; Mears, C.; Solomon, S.; Schmidt, G. A.; Fyfe, J. C.; Cole, J. N. S.; Nazarenko, L.; Taylor, K. E.; Wentz, F. J. (2014). "Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature". Nature Geoscience.doi:10.1038/ngeo2098. edit
21. Jump up^ Doyle, Alister (23 February 2014). "Sun-dimming volcanoes partly explain global warming hiatus-study". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
22. Jump up^ Ehn, Mikael; Thornton, Joel A.; Kleist, Einhard; Sipilä, Mikko; Junninen, Heikki; Pullinen, Iida; Springer, Monika; Rubach, Florian; Tillmann, Ralf; Lee, Ben; Lopez-Hilfiker, Felipe; Andres, Stefanie; Acir, Ismail-Hakki; Rissanen, Matti; Jokinen, Tuija; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Kangasluoma, Juha; Kontkanen, Jenni; Nieminen, Tuomo; Kurtén, Theo; Nielsen, Lasse B.; Jørgensen, Solvejg; Kjaergaard, Henrik G.; Canagaratna, Manjula; Maso, Miikka Dal; Berndt, Torsten; Petäjä, Tuukka; Wahner, Andreas; Kerminen, Veli-Matti; Kulmala, Markku; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Wildt, Jürgen; Mentel, Thomas F. (26 February 2014). "A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol". Nature 506 (7489): 476–479.doi:10.1038/nature13032.
23. Jump up^ McGrath, Matt (26 February 2014). "Smell of forest pine can limit climate change - researchers". BBC News. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
24. Jump up^ Estrada, F.; Perron, P.; Martínez-López, B. N. (2013). "Statistically derived contributions of diverse human influences to twentieth-century temperature changes". Nature Geoscience 6 (12): 1050.doi:10.1038/ngeo1999. edit
25. Jump up^ McGrath, Matt (10 November 2013). "Ozone chemicals ban linked to global warming 'pause'". BBC. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
26. Jump up^ Connor, Steve (27 February 2014). "Now the two most famous scientific institutions in Britain and the US agree: 'Climate change is more certain than ever'". The Independent. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
27. Jump up^ Collins, William. "American Physical Society Climate Change Statement Review Workshop". American Physical Society. p. 92. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
28. Jump up^ Slezak, Michael (3 September 2014). "No more pause: Warming will be non-stop from now on". New Scientist (2985) (Reed Business Information). Retrieved 14 September 2014.
29. Jump up^ Watanabe, Masahiro; Shiogama, Hideo; Tatebe, Hiroaki; Hayashi, Michiya; Ishii, Masayoshi; Kimoto, Masahide (31 August 2014)."Contribution of natural decadal variability to global warming acceleration and hiatus". Nature Climate Change.doi:10.1038/nclimate2355. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
30. Jump up^ Maher, Nicola; Gupta, Alexander Sen; England, Matthew H. (20 August 2014). "Drivers of decadal hiatus periods in the 20th and 21st centuries". Geophysical Research Letters.doi:10.1002/2014GL060527. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
31. Jump up^ Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan; Arblaster, Julie M. (7 September 2014). "Climate model simulations of the observed early-2000s hiatus of global warming". Nature Climate Change 4 (10): 898–902.doi:10.1038/nclimate2357.
32. Jump up^ Davey, Melissa (9 September 2014). "Research shows surprise global warming 'hiatus' could have been forecast". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
33. Jump up^ Vaughan, Adam (24 March 2014). "13 of 14 warmest years on record occurred in 21st century – UN : Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
34. Jump up^ Evans, Robert (24 March 2014). "Global warming not stopped, will go on for centuries: WMO". Reuters. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
35. Jump up^ "E-Library: WMO Statement on the status of the global climate in 2013". World Meteorological Organisation. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.

A Wikipedia wall-o-crap! There is so much wrong with this I dont know where to start...

Well, then don't start, you dumb fuck. No reason to prove what an ignoramous you are once again.

Wow.... The incompetent speaks.. The only dumb fuck here is you using shit information from a worthless source called Wikipedia, then touting it as truth....

 

[Crick]

SO unlike you, Wikipedia identifies all its sources. Feel free to show us why you believe them to be in error.

 

[SSDD]

Effects of ocean acidification on benthic processes organisms and ecosystems Andreas Andersson

Effects of ocean acidification on benthic processes, organisms, and ecosystems

Citation:
Andersson, AJ, Mackenzie FT, Gattuso J-P. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on benthic processes, organisms, and ecosystems. Ocean Acidification. ( Gattuso J, Hansson L, Eds.).:xix,326p.., Oxford England ; New York: Oxford University Press
Export

Keywords:
Ocean acidification.
Abstract:
The ocean helps moderate climate change thanks to its considerable capacity to store CO2, through the combined actions of ocean physics, chemistry, and biology. This storage capacity limits the amount of human-released CO2 remaining in the atmosphere. As CO2 reacts with seawater, it generates dramatic changes in carbonate chemistry, including decreases in pH and carbonate ions and an increase in bicarbonate ions. The consequences of this overall process, known as "ocean acidification", are raising concerns for the biological, ecological, and biogeochemical health of the world's oceans, as well as for the potential societal implications. This research level text is the first to synthesize the very latest understanding of the consequences of ocean acidification, with the intention of informing both future research agendas and marine management policy. A prestigious list of authors has been assembled, among them the coordinators of major national and international projects on ocean acidification.

There are hundreds of articles showing the effects of the additional 42% of CO2 we have added to the atmosphere.

You can't have it both ways rocks...either the oceans are warming and in turn outgassing CO2 which puts the lie to the acidification claim or the oceans are cooling and absorbing CO2 in which case the warming claims are bogus....one or the other....which is it because the laws of nature say that you can't have it both ways...which is the lie?

 

[Crick]

You've never had a chemistry class at any level, have you.

This is precisely like your absurd fantasies regarding photons and thermal radiation. You have the most one-dimensional comprehension I've ever seen.

 

[CrusaderFrank]

No amount of evidence proving AGW a fraud and a leftist political movement, will change the warmest.

It's like getting them to admit that forced redistribution is a failed economic system and for the exact same reasons