Article 1, section 8 begins as follows: "Section 8:
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide
for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
After this introduction, come seventeen enumerated power.
[The phrase appears in the preamble, "...to promote the general welfare...." but this is rarely used to find the loophole for spending authority.]
At ratification of the Constitution, the problem did not go unnoticed. They knew that
some would use the phrase "general welfare" to mean anything. Madison tried to cut them off: the introduction stated that the government had the power to tax and spend what it accrued.
The list, he said, summarized what the funds could be used for.
" Nothing is more natural nor common than first to use a general phrase, and then to explain and qualify it by a recital of particulars. But the idea of an enumeration of particulars which neither explain nor qualify the general meaning, and can have no other effect than to confound and mislead, is an absurdity, ...
For what purpose could the enumeration of particular powers be inserted, if these and all others were meant to be included in the preceding general power?" Federalist #41
The whole point of enumerating the powers of the federal government, i.e., the list of seventeen, was to proclaim that these, and only these, were authorized.
a. Be clear: the anti-federalists were stating their
fear that "general welfare" would be interpreted as it has come to be...as an unqualifed and absolute power to spend.....
...and the federalists who pooh-poohed the idea, i.e., 'no one would think that'?
Were there any?
None of the federalists argued in favor of such.
None. Not even Hamilton...who changed his tune two years after ratification.
Robert G. Natelson. "The General Welfare Clause and the Public Trust: An Essay in Original Understanding"
"The General Welfare Clause and the Public Trust: An Essay in Original " by Robert G. Natelson