What is The Difference Between Religion and a Cult

[ajwps]

Do These Definitions Sound Familiar

What is the difference between a cult and a religion? Most people define the term cult so vaguely that anyone with strong opinions could be classified as a cult follower.

The best working definition I have heard is this:

A religion is a movement in which people find themselves; a cult is a movement in which people lose themselves.

A cult hijacks your identity and makes you into someone you aren't. A true religion should enhance and deepen your identity, to make you a better you.

People who find religion go through changes. They learn to explore parts to their personality that they never knew existed, and have to re-evaluate themselves and their lives. All growth is accompanied by some upheaval and instability, so they may go through a short period where they seem a bit weird to their friends and family. They may even missionise a bit, and try to "convert" everyone around them. They mean well; they just want to share their newfound inspiration with those they love. This is normal, and the family should try to be patient.

However, if they start to turn into someone else altogether, if they seem unrecognisable, then there could be cause for concern. If they lose their personality, their sense of humour, their interest in others, or their ability to think, then they may have lost themselves. If these symptoms persist, seek a minister, rabbi or priest's advice. They may have fallen prey to a cult - or are using religion as a cult.

Cults demand that you jump in unquestioningly. But when you make such sudden changes, you will have to leave your self behind. This is not the basic religion ways. Most honest religions encourages questioning, even honest skepticism. Spiritual development is done gradually and with thought. That way, the changes will be real, as they integrate and harmonise with your personality rather than overwhelm it.

Give your friend some time. If he or she is indeed brainwashed, it probably won't last - they will jump out as quickly as they jumped in. Most mainstream religions can't be used as a cult for long. But more likely they will settle to a balanced medium, where their old self will come back again, but with a depth and direction that they never had before. Sometimes, you have to lose yourself to find yourself again.

 

[JIHADTHIS]

Most mainstream religions can't be used as a cult for long. But more likely they will settle to a balanced medium, where their old self will come back again, but with a depth and direction that they never had before. Sometimes, you have to lose yourself to find yourself again.

SO does that mean the practitioners of Islam will evnetually hang up their turbans and come back to civilization?

Oooooooooops, sounds like a death cult to me

 

[ajwps]

SO does that mean the practitioners of Islam will evnetually hang up their turbans and come back to civilization?

Oooooooooops, sounds like a death cult to me

Unfortunately most of Islam has never been with civilization and ISLAM in general fits my definition of a real CULT.

Cults demand that you jump in unquestioningly. But when you make such sudden changes, you will have to leave your self behind. This is not the basic religion ways. Most honest religions encourages questioning, even honest skepticism.

Does Islam encourage questioning or honest skepticism? Some Muslims have done so but they are either dead or have a fatwa death sentence placed on them.

CULT!!!!

 

[Arabian]

Hi every body
I wonder y every body is attacking the Islam and say it doesn’t work with this time or why they always say that Muslims are ignorant and don’t have mind to think with

1st some of u say that Islam is a cult and it doesn’t use brains
u say that cult doesn’t courage questioning ,, on the contrary Islam courage questioning , but in reasonable question our prophets ordered us to ask for education and learning tell the end of the world.

SO does that mean the practitioners of Islam will eventually hang up their turbans and come back to civilization?

Does the appearance care or tell what in your heart, that mean that the not good looking guy should die coz no one will talk to him
And am Muslim and I live in Egypt and I've never wear turbans " I think that there lots of thing u don’t know about Arabian now coz of this silly advertisement that come on T.V"
And we don’t call practitioners of Islam we called them Muslim or if u mean "alsheikh" (rabbi and priest's have a special uniform is all of Jewish or Christian wear like him)

Right we aren't now have lots of scientist as previous coz most of them travel abroad to get their chance to use the updated machine in their field or get some kind of partner ship, and some times if they refused to work in this country after finishing there partner ship they get killed like "Nabaweya Mousa" ,, I wont get through this
But this is the life ups and downs
Ones we had the greatest scientist like as I said befire "Ebn khaldon "in sociality", Abou bakr al razy, Ebn sinai " in medicine" , Ebn albaitar" in pharmacy", Alkhwarezmy " in math", Ebn al haitham" in physics and he the one who invented the science optical"' Ebn Alnaphis the one who discovered the miner blood circuital"
Ebn batota "the greatest geography and the tradition of countries(traveling allover the world)" Ebn roshd , AlFaraby, Al Kondy, Al Khasaly'in philosophy" Gaber edn haian " in chemistry" , Muhammad ebn Senan Al Bantaly, Ebrahim al Zarqualy (Arzachel) "in astronomy " and finally Aledrisy " the 1st one who made a graph of the map of the whole world and the earth"
And Arab was the 1st one who invented the "0"

And the books of these scientist is translated to thousand language and its still teaching tell now,
And we have now Ahmed Zowail and he is Muslim
So when we hanged with our religion we made a great civilization but now unfortunate we aren’t hanged well with our religion as previous and we "Muslims" aren’t one country as previous
This just a hint of what u assumed

A cult hijacks your identity and makes you into someone you aren't. A true religion should enhance and deepen your identity, to make you a better you

.

I think this religion u talk about is al Islam
Lets give an example
Lets take Spain or Andalusia previous it was destructed and it was living in ignorant and poor
What Muslims made from it , it become the light of science in the whole Europe all people all over Europe was visiting it to see how beautiful it was and to get the science from it they were teaching student and make them travel allover the world to spread the learn they get , they wanted to spread culture and education allover the world this what our religion asked us to do spread peace and education , and read the history book if u don’t believe me , and what the Europe done when they attack Andalusia they destroyed all this culture and transferred the greatest civilization to destructions and they didn’t do this only (as we know Andalusia all religion lived in it "democracy") the Europe took all Muslims (even Spanish Muslims)who lived in Andalusia" even unarmed (normal citizen)" and harmed them badly then they killed them (the one who had a qur'an on his house was get killed) even more when British soldier came to Spain and saw the tools that the Muslims were humiliated and harmed by the Europe's they didn’t believe that any one could bear such humiliated and harmed
C what we done and what they done

 

[rtwngAvngr]

Is it a religion when you can be a member only if your mother was a member? Is that religion or a race cult?

 

[ajwps]

Hi every body
I wonder y every body is attacking the Islam and say it doesn’t work with this time or why they always say that Muslims are ignorant and don’t have mind to think with

Correct. All anyone has to do is look at Muslims around the world. Except for the few with oil money, they live exactly like they did in the time of Pbuh Mohammad. Islam has always been more interested in destroying the unbelievers of the earth than living like human beings.

1st some of u say that Islam is a cult and it doesn’t use brains
u say that cult doesn’t courage questioning ,, on the contrary Islam courage questioning , but in reasonable question our prophets ordered us to ask for education and learning tell the end of the world.

You say it best: "on the contrary Islam courage questioning , but in reasonable question our prophets ordered us ...."

In other words if you question the prophet Muhammad, you are not reasonable and therefore should have your head severed from your body. In other words, question nothing as Pbuh Muhammad has already given you the answers in Qur'an. What else is there to question?

Does the appearance care or tell what in your heart, that mean that the not good looking guy should die coz no one will talk to him
And am Muslim and I live in Egypt and I've never wear turbans " I think that there lots of thing u don’t know about Arabian now coz of this silly advertisement that come on T.V"

So yor live in Egypt Mr. Arabian Muslim. Did you choose to vote for Mubarak for president of Egypt?

Here is the love of Muhammad in Qur'an:

Quran Sura 4:56--

(As for) those who disbelieve in Our Prophet, We shall make them enter fire; so oft as their skins are thoroughly burned, We will change them for other skins, that they may taste the chastisement; surely Allah is Mighty, Wise."

and Sura 22:19-22

But as for those who disbelieve, garments of fire will be cut out for them, boiling fluid will be poured down their heads. Whereby that which is in their bellies, and their skins too, will be melted; And for them are hooked rods of iron. Whenever, in their anguish, they would go forth from thence they are driven back therein and (it is said unto them): Taste the doom of burning.

This is your Islam love for the unbeliever creations of Allah. How nice for you who believe in Muhammad Pbuh but for all of mankind, the prophet had other plans.

And we don’t call practitioners of Islam we called them Muslim or if u mean "alsheikh" (rabbi and priest's have a special uniform is all of Jewish or Christian wear like him)

Who cares what Muslim Clerics a or Mullahs wear on their bodies. They preach hate, death and destruction of ALL UNBELIEVERS in Allah.

Right we aren't now have lots of scientist as previous coz most of them travel abroad to get their chance to use the updated machine in their field or get some kind of partner ship, and some times if they refused to work in this country after finishing there partner ship they get killed like "Nabaweya Mousa" ,, I wont get through this

Why do Muslims who have any intelligence desire never to return to Islam? What is wrong with living among a religion of death and slaughter.

But this is the life ups and downs

This is NOT lifes up and downs but the fear of Islamic Mullahs deciding who shall live and who shall die. This Islam is EVIL in its purest form.

Ones we had the greatest scientist like as I said befire "Ebn khaldon "in sociality", Abou bakr al razy, Ebn sinai " in medicine" , Ebn albaitar" in pharmacy", Alkhwarezmy " in math", Ebn al haitham" in physics and he the one who invented the science optical"' Ebn Alnaphis the one who discovered the miner blood circuital"

Do you have any proof of these so called muslims scientists? No one has ever heard of them in the west or in any of the Muslim countries. Long before there was ONE MUSLIM on earth, all the things you mentioned were already discovered by UNBELIEVERS. Maybe you know something that NO ONE ELSE ON THE ENTIRE PLANET EARTH KNOWS......

Ebn batota "the greatest geography and the tradition of countries(traveling allover the world)" Ebn roshd , AlFaraby, Al Kondy, Al Khasaly'in philosophy" Gaber edn haian " in chemistry" , Muhammad ebn Senan Al Bantaly, Ebrahim al Zarqualy (Arzachel) "in astronomy " and finally Aledrisy " the 1st one who made a graph of the map of the whole world and the earth"
And Arab was the 1st one who invented the "0"

An Arab not invented the 0 but was one large ZERO himself. Everything else that you claim for Islam you cannot prove as there is no evidence of any Muslims inventing anything else.

And the books of these scientist is translated to thousand language and its still teaching tell now, And we have now Ahmed Zowail and he is Muslim

Show me one Muslim in the following list of those who actually were the inventors? JUST ONE....

Nicolaus (or Nicholas) Copernicus, (original name Kopernik or Koppernigk, Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was an astronomer, mathematician and an economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically

16?? - John Napier John Napier (1550 - April 4, 1617) was a Scottish mathematician. He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms, of Napier's bones or Napier's rods and of the decimal point. He was born in Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh. Although he did not invent the natural logarithmic function, it is sometimes known as the Napierian Logarithm.

Napier is relatively little known outside mathematical circles where he made what is undoubtedly an extremely important advance in the history of mathematics. Logarithms made calculations by hand much easier and thereby opened the way to many later scientific advances. His work,
Logarithm In mathematics, the logarithm functions are the inverses of the exponential functions. Logarithms are numbers that are substituted in computation for other numbers, to which they bear such a relation that the operations to be performed on the latter are represented by simpler operations performed on the former. Logarithms convert multiplication to addition, division to subtraction (making them isomorphisms between the field operations), exponentiation to multiplication, and roots to division (making them crucial to slide rule construction).

16?? - Robert Boyle Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627 - December 30, 1691) was an Irish natural philosopher, noted for his work in physics and chemistry.

Early years. He was born at Lismore Castle, in the province of Munster, Ireland, as the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, the "Great Earl of Cork". While still a child he learned to speak Latin and French, and he was only eight years

Boyle's law Boyle's law (also known as the Boyle Mariotte law) is one of the gas laws, and relates the volume and pressure of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature.

The law, expressed in symbols, is:

PV = k

Where V is the volume of gas, P is its pressure, and k is a constant. The volume is expressed in cubic metres or litres and the pressure in pascals when using SI units.

Ideal gas Ideal gas (also called perfect gas) is a hypothetical gas which obeys the gas laws exactly. An ideal gas consists of molecules which occupy negligible space and among which negligible forces exist, except at collisions. All collisions between molecules or between molecules and the walls of a container are perfectly elastic, as the molecules have no means of storing energy except as translational kinetic energy. Ideal gas is a good approximation for diluted real gases.

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler the astronomer. For the planned planet-finding space telescope, see Kepler Space Mission.

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a key figure in the Scientific Revolution, was a German astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion. He is sometimes referred to as "the first theoretical astrophysicist", although Carl Sagan also refers to him as the last scientific astrologer.

Laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler's primary contribution to astronomy/astrophysics were the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler derived these laws, in part, by studying the observations of Brahe. Isaac Newton would later verify these laws with his laws of motion and universal gravitation. The generic term for an orbiting object is "satellite".

Events March 1 - writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date

William Harvey William Harvey (April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657) was a doctor who first correctly described in exact detail the circulatory system of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. This developed the ideas of René Descartes who in his Description of the Human Body said that the arteries and veins were pipes and carried nourishment round the body. Many believe he discovered and extended early Muslim medicine especially the work of Ibn Nafis, who had laid out the principles and major arteries and veins in the 13th century.

Blood circulation The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals.

FunctionsFollowing are some basic functions of the human circulatory system: Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body.
Collection of metabolic wastes and delivery to the excretory organs, e.g. kidneys. Role in the immune system of defence against infection.
Transport of hormones.

February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order
February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor


René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. While most notable for his groundbreaking work in philosophy, he has achieved wide fame as the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, which influenced the development of modern calculus.

Descartes, sometimes called the founder of modern philosophy and the Father of Modern Mathematics, ranks as one of the most important and influential thinkers in modern western history. He inspired both his contemporaries and later generations of philosophers, leading them to form what we know today as continental rationalism, a philosophical position in 17th and 18th century Europe.

Scientific method The scientific method is a sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and the acquisition of new scientific knowledge based upon physical evidence.

Science deals with assertions about the way the world is, in the form of theories, hypotheses or observations. On occasion, people find that they disagree as to the truth of some of these assertions. Various ways have been proposed in order to decide between conflicting assertions. The idea is that these methods underlie the practice of science, enabling it to determine which theories, hypotheses and observations are acceptable.

(also: Roger Bacon For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician)

Roger Bacon (1214-1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "astounding doctor"), was an English philosopher who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism, and is thought of as one of the earliest advocates of the modern scientific method.

Bacon was born near Ilchester in Somerset. His family appears to have been well-off, but, during the stormy reign of Henry III of England, their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile.

January 5 - The Battle of Turckeim
August 10 - Building of the Royal Greenwich Observatory began
November 11 - Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
Cassini discovers Saturn's Cassini Division
Battle of Fehrbellin

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (July 1, 1646 in Leipzig - November 14, 1716 in Hannover) was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer of Sorb descent. Leibniz is credited with the term "function" (1694), which he used to describe a quantity related to a curve; such as a curve's slope or a specific point of said curve. Leibniz is generally, with Newton, jointly credited for the development of modern calculus; in particular, for his development of the integral and the Product rule.

Newton This article is about the SI unit of force. For other uses see Newton (disambiguation)

In physics, a derived SI unit, the newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics. It was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960. It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second squared.

infinitesimal calculus Infinitesimal calculus is an area of mathematics pioneered by Gottfried Leibniz based on the concept of infinitesimals, as opposed to the calculus of Isaac Newton, which is based upon the concept of the limit. Because infinitesimals were not put on a rigorous mathematical basis until the second half of the twentieth century, the delta-epsilon definition of limits and calculus became standard.

March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River.


Newton This article is about the SI unit of force. For other uses see Newton (disambiguation) In physics, a derived SI unit, the newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics. It was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960. It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second squared.

Laws of motion Newton's laws of motion are the three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. These laws are fundamental to classical mechanics.

Newton first published these laws in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and used them to prove many results concerning the motion of physical objects. In the third volume (of the text), he showed how, combined with his law of universal gravitation, the laws of motion would explain Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

law of universal gravitation, basis for classical physics

1787 - Jacques Charles: Charles' Law of ideal gas
1789 - Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry
1824 - Carnot: 2nd law of thermodynamics
1827 - Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity)
1838 - Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells
1843 - James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics)
1848 - Lord Kelvin: absolute zero of temperature
1858 - Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
1859 - Charles Darwin: Theory of evolution by natural selection
1865 - Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics
1869 - Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic table
1873 - Maxwell: Theory of electromagnetism
1877 - Boltzmann: Statistical definition of entropy
1900 - Planck: Planck's law of black body radiation, basis for quantum theory
1905 - Albert Einstein: special theory of relativity
1906 - Walther Nernst: Third law of thermodynamics
1912 - Alfred Wegener: Continental drift
1913 - Niels Bohr: Model of the atom
1915 - Albert Einstein: general theory of relativity
1924 - Wolfgang Pauli: quantum Pauli exclusion principle
1925 - Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger equation (Quantum mechanics)
1927 - Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty principle (Quantum mechanics)
1927 - Georges Lemaître: Theory of the Big Bang
1928 - Paul Dirac: Dirac equation (Quantum mechanics)
1929 - Edwin Hubble: Hubble's law of the expanding universe
1953 - Crick and Watson: helical structure of DNA, basis for molecular biology

So when we hanged with our religion we made a great civilization but now unfortunate we aren’t hanged well with our religion as previous and we "Muslims" aren’t one country as previous This just a hint of what u assumed

The only Muslim Nobel Peace Prize winner is Chairman Yassar Arafat. A really great scientist thinker.

I think this religion u talk about is al Islam Lets give an example Lets take Spain or Andalusia previous it was destructed and it was living in ignorant and poor What Muslims made from it , it become the light of science in the whole Europe all people all over Europe was visiting it to see how beautiful it was and to get the science from it they were teaching student and make them travel allover the world to spread the learn they get , they wanted to spread culture and education allover the world this what our religion asked us to do spread peace and education , and read the history book if u don’t believe me , and what the Europe done when they attack Andalusia they destroyed all this culture and transferred the greatest civilization to destructions and they didn’t do this only (as we know Andalusia all religion lived in it "democracy") the Europe took all Muslims (even Spanish Muslims)who lived in Andalusia" even unarmed (normal citizen)" and harmed them badly then they killed them (the one who had a qur'an on his house was get killed) even more when British soldier came to Spain and saw the tools that the Muslims were humiliated and harmed by the Europe's they didn’t believe that any one could bear such humiliated and harmed C what we done and what they done

Are you a comedian. You really think that Islam brought knowledge and learning and culture to anything but the graveyards of the world?

You have to believe everything you have been fed to you on the banks of the Nile River. A Nile crocodile must have swallowed your parents before you were born. A guess that is why you have swallowed all those Islamic fairtales.

 

[dilloduck]

Correct. All anyone has to do is look at Muslims around the world. Except for the few with oil money, they live exactly like they did in the time of Pbuh Mohammad. Islam has always been more interested in destroying the unbelievers of the earth than living like human beings.



You say it best: "on the contrary Islam courage questioning , but in reasonable question our prophets ordered us ...."

In other words if you question the prophet Muhammad, you are not reasonable and therefore should have your head severed from your body. In other words, question nothing as Pbuh Muhammad has already given you the answers in Qur'an. What else is there to question?



So yor live in Egypt Mr. Arabian Muslim. Did you choose to vote for Mubarak for president of Egypt?

Here is the love of Muhammad in Qur'an:



This is your Islam love for the unbeliever creations of Allah. How nice for you who believe in Muhammad Pbuh but for all of mankind, the prophet had other plans.



Who cares what Muslim Clerics a or Mullahs wear on their bodies. They preach hate, death and destruction of ALL UNBELIEVERS in Allah.



Why do Muslims who have any intelligence desire never to return to Islam? What is wrong with living among a religion of death and slaughter.



This is NOT lifes up and downs but the fear of Islamic Mullahs deciding who shall live and who shall die. This Islam is EVIL in its purest form.



Do you have any proof of these so called muslims scientists? No one has ever heard of them in the west or in any of the Muslim countries. Long before there was ONE MUSLIM on earth, all the things you mentioned were already discovered by UNBELIEVERS. Maybe you know something that NO ONE ELSE ON THE ENTIRE PLANET EARTH KNOWS......



An Arab not invented the 0 but was one large ZERO himself. Everything else that you claim for Islam you cannot prove as there is no evidence of any Muslims inventing anything else.



Show me one Muslim in the following list of those who actually were the inventors? JUST ONE....

Nicolaus (or Nicholas) Copernicus, (original name Kopernik or Koppernigk, Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was an astronomer, mathematician and an economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically

16?? - John Napier John Napier (1550 - April 4, 1617) was a Scottish mathematician. He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms, of Napier's bones or Napier's rods and of the decimal point. He was born in Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh. Although he did not invent the natural logarithmic function, it is sometimes known as the Napierian Logarithm.

Napier is relatively little known outside mathematical circles where he made what is undoubtedly an extremely important advance in the history of mathematics. Logarithms made calculations by hand much easier and thereby opened the way to many later scientific advances. His work,
Logarithm In mathematics, the logarithm functions are the inverses of the exponential functions. Logarithms are numbers that are substituted in computation for other numbers, to which they bear such a relation that the operations to be performed on the latter are represented by simpler operations performed on the former. Logarithms convert multiplication to addition, division to subtraction (making them isomorphisms between the field operations), exponentiation to multiplication, and roots to division (making them crucial to slide rule construction).

16?? - Robert Boyle Robert Boyle (January 25, 1627 - December 30, 1691) was an Irish natural philosopher, noted for his work in physics and chemistry.

Early years. He was born at Lismore Castle, in the province of Munster, Ireland, as the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, the "Great Earl of Cork". While still a child he learned to speak Latin and French, and he was only eight years

Boyle's law Boyle's law (also known as the Boyle Mariotte law) is one of the gas laws, and relates the volume and pressure of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature.

The law, expressed in symbols, is:

PV = k

Where V is the volume of gas, P is its pressure, and k is a constant. The volume is expressed in cubic metres or litres and the pressure in pascals when using SI units.

Ideal gas Ideal gas (also called perfect gas) is a hypothetical gas which obeys the gas laws exactly. An ideal gas consists of molecules which occupy negligible space and among which negligible forces exist, except at collisions. All collisions between molecules or between molecules and the walls of a container are perfectly elastic, as the molecules have no means of storing energy except as translational kinetic energy. Ideal gas is a good approximation for diluted real gases.

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler the astronomer. For the planned planet-finding space telescope, see Kepler Space Mission.

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a key figure in the Scientific Revolution, was a German astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion. He is sometimes referred to as "the first theoretical astrophysicist", although Carl Sagan also refers to him as the last scientific astrologer.

Laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler's primary contribution to astronomy/astrophysics were the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler derived these laws, in part, by studying the observations of Brahe. Isaac Newton would later verify these laws with his laws of motion and universal gravitation. The generic term for an orbiting object is "satellite".

Events March 1 - writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date

William Harvey William Harvey (April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657) was a doctor who first correctly described in exact detail the circulatory system of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. This developed the ideas of René Descartes who in his Description of the Human Body said that the arteries and veins were pipes and carried nourishment round the body. Many believe he discovered and extended early Muslim medicine especially the work of Ibn Nafis, who had laid out the principles and major arteries and veins in the 13th century.

Blood circulation The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals.

FunctionsFollowing are some basic functions of the human circulatory system: Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body.
Collection of metabolic wastes and delivery to the excretory organs, e.g. kidneys. Role in the immune system of defence against infection.
Transport of hormones.

February 3 - Tulipmania collapses in Netherlands by government order
February 15 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor


René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. While most notable for his groundbreaking work in philosophy, he has achieved wide fame as the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, which influenced the development of modern calculus.

Descartes, sometimes called the founder of modern philosophy and the Father of Modern Mathematics, ranks as one of the most important and influential thinkers in modern western history. He inspired both his contemporaries and later generations of philosophers, leading them to form what we know today as continental rationalism, a philosophical position in 17th and 18th century Europe.

Scientific method The scientific method is a sequence or collection of processes that are considered characteristic of scientific investigation and the acquisition of new scientific knowledge based upon physical evidence.

Science deals with assertions about the way the world is, in the form of theories, hypotheses or observations. On occasion, people find that they disagree as to the truth of some of these assertions. Various ways have been proposed in order to decide between conflicting assertions. The idea is that these methods underlie the practice of science, enabling it to determine which theories, hypotheses and observations are acceptable.

(also: Roger Bacon For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician)

Roger Bacon (1214-1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "astounding doctor"), was an English philosopher who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism, and is thought of as one of the earliest advocates of the modern scientific method.

Bacon was born near Ilchester in Somerset. His family appears to have been well-off, but, during the stormy reign of Henry III of England, their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile.

January 5 - The Battle of Turckeim
August 10 - Building of the Royal Greenwich Observatory began
November 11 - Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
Cassini discovers Saturn's Cassini Division
Battle of Fehrbellin

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (July 1, 1646 in Leipzig - November 14, 1716 in Hannover) was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer of Sorb descent. Leibniz is credited with the term "function" (1694), which he used to describe a quantity related to a curve; such as a curve's slope or a specific point of said curve. Leibniz is generally, with Newton, jointly credited for the development of modern calculus; in particular, for his development of the integral and the Product rule.

Newton This article is about the SI unit of force. For other uses see Newton (disambiguation)

In physics, a derived SI unit, the newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics. It was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960. It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second squared.

infinitesimal calculus Infinitesimal calculus is an area of mathematics pioneered by Gottfried Leibniz based on the concept of infinitesimals, as opposed to the calculus of Isaac Newton, which is based upon the concept of the limit. Because infinitesimals were not put on a rigorous mathematical basis until the second half of the twentieth century, the delta-epsilon definition of limits and calculus became standard.

March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River.


Newton This article is about the SI unit of force. For other uses see Newton (disambiguation) In physics, a derived SI unit, the newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics. It was adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960. It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second squared.

Laws of motion Newton's laws of motion are the three scientific laws which Isaac Newton discovered concerning the behaviour of moving bodies. These laws are fundamental to classical mechanics.

Newton first published these laws in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) and used them to prove many results concerning the motion of physical objects. In the third volume (of the text), he showed how, combined with his law of universal gravitation, the laws of motion would explain Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

law of universal gravitation, basis for classical physics

1787 - Jacques Charles: Charles' Law of ideal gas
1789 - Lavoisier: law of conservation of mass, basis for chemistry
1824 - Carnot: 2nd law of thermodynamics
1827 - Georg Ohm: Ohm's law (Electricity)
1838 - Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells
1843 - James Prescott Joule: Law of Conservation of energy (First law of thermodynamics)
1848 - Lord Kelvin: absolute zero of temperature
1858 - Rudolf Virchow: cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
1859 - Charles Darwin: Theory of evolution by natural selection
1865 - Gregor Mendel: Mendel's laws of inheritance, basis for genetics
1869 - Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic table
1873 - Maxwell: Theory of electromagnetism
1877 - Boltzmann: Statistical definition of entropy
1900 - Planck: Planck's law of black body radiation, basis for quantum theory
1905 - Albert Einstein: special theory of relativity
1906 - Walther Nernst: Third law of thermodynamics
1912 - Alfred Wegener: Continental drift
1913 - Niels Bohr: Model of the atom
1915 - Albert Einstein: general theory of relativity
1924 - Wolfgang Pauli: quantum Pauli exclusion principle
1925 - Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger equation (Quantum mechanics)
1927 - Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty principle (Quantum mechanics)
1927 - Georges Lemaître: Theory of the Big Bang
1928 - Paul Dirac: Dirac equation (Quantum mechanics)
1929 - Edwin Hubble: Hubble's law of the expanding universe
1953 - Crick and Watson: helical structure of DNA, basis for molecular biology



The only Muslim Nobel Peace Prize winner is Chairman Yassar Arafat. A really great scientist thinker.



Are you a comedian. You really think that Islam brought knowledge and learning and culture to anything but the graveyards of the world?

You have to believe everything you have been fed to you on the banks of the Nile River. A Nile crocodile must have swallowed your parents before you were born. A guess that is why you have swallowed all those Islamic fairtales.

hey--maybe it was the same one that sir evil posted!

 

[ajwps]

hey--maybe it was the same one that sir evil posted!

Do you really care?

 

[dilloduck]

Do you really care?

you bet! you've got the most creative insults on the board---

 

[Arabian]

It is then obvious that you have not understood the words in the Qur'an if you have read this book from Muhammad prophet?

Actually its u who don’t understand


U said

Quran Sura 4:56--

(As for) those who disbelieve in Our Prophet, We shall make them enter fire; so oft as their skins are thoroughly burned, We will change them for other skins, that they may taste the chastisement; surely Allah is Mighty, Wise."

and Sura 22:19-22

But as for those who disbelieve, garments of fire will be cut out for them, boiling fluid will be poured down their heads. Whereby that which is in their bellies, and their skins too, will be melted; And for them are hooked rods of iron. Whenever, in their anguish, they would go forth from thence they are driven back therein and (it is said unto them): Taste the doom of burning.

Yeah right this is my Qur'an but actually u who don’t understand okay let us make it obvious

Who is speaking in those verses ????

Allah who is speaking in these verses and he warning those people who don’t believe in his prophet Muhammad to go to the hell ( sure we all believe in the other life "hell, paradise") and he describe what is going on in the hell
Actually u r so pathetic coz somebody or anybody who explained this verse 4 u don’t know anything 2

And now a question
WHY ESPECIALLY Muhammad?
Okay here we go
• 1st Allah ordered his Muslims 2 believe in all prophets and messenger he sent
Then if we believed that there were a Christ peace be on him "bible"
And mussa peace be on him "torah" and other prophets like Ibrahim, Ismail, ya'cob and Eshak and other
Then why we don’t believe of Muhammad Qur'an
Allah says in his Qur'an
"We sent this book and we will keep it away from harm"
then Allah will keep his book al qur'an

• Muhammad is his last messenger that’s mean that al Islam is the religion came from Allah on the earth ,
Now let me ask isn’t the last version of any software solved some problem in the previous ver of it but its still the same product right it's just an example

islam is the only religion who believe of other religion coz allah who get all those religion to earth and the religion for allah is al Islam " all prophet was asking for Islam "peace" coz Islam Mean PEACE and only allah could make peace

if we took bible

I believe in bible but the write bible there are thousand of bible and all of them isn’t the right one coz all prophets knew that there will last prophet and they was calling him the prophets of the end of ages ,,
And now how many bibles in the world although there is only one Christ ,, doesn’t this make u think all even believe that it isn’t right

But how many qur'an there is only one qur'an then the promise Allah made is true no harm will touch his book al qur'an al karim doesn’t that mean something
Doesn’t that mean that although years past and there still the qur'an as it is nothing change in it doesn’t that mena that it is the only truth that still exist without any harm
Didn’t u read the old story about the moon ,, no one could deny its truth



An Arab not invented the 0 but was one large ZERO himself. Everything else that you claim for Islam you cannot prove as there is no evidence of any Muslims inventing anything else.

If u don’t read in science it isn’t my problem or may there is different in language like u call youssef Joseph


Why do Muslims who have any intelligence desire never to return to Islam? What is wrong with living among a religion of death and slaughter.


Nabaweya mousa was assassinated while she was making her research in nuclear power in the US haa

Who cares what Muslim Clerics a or Mullahs wear on their bodies. They preach hate, death and destruction of ALL UNBELIEVERS in Allah.

Who told u soo
Our mullahs travel allover world to spread Islam even there are mullahs in US , COZ Allah asked them to do so ,, let me ask why one leave his family and home to spread the right religion allover world if he only believe in what he do and spread love

And as I explained the verses u came with from qur'an, then u don’t have clue coz u aslant misunderstand or didn’t understand


8. Those who are faithfully true to their Amanât (all the duties which Allâh has ordained, honesty, moral responsibility and trusts etc.)[] and to their covenants;
9. And those who strictly guard their (five compulsory congregational) Salawât (prayers) (at their fixed stated hours).[]
10. These are indeed the inheritors.
11. Who shall inherit the Firdaus (Paradise). They shall dwell therein forever.
Sura almo'menon

This god asked us to do to be honest

Dear ajwp y u r keeping talking without evidence


An Arab not invented the 0 but was one large ZERO himself. Everything else that you claim for Islam you cannot prove as there is no evidence of any Muslims inventing anything else.

Actually I didn’t insult u coz god asked us never to insult any one , but Arab really invented 0 and we aren’t zero our self I told u were previous living in ignorant while we had the greatest civilization no u had great civilization in ur view of point but who know what's going next , when we had this civilization we didn’t forced every one by our power to destroy y u cant see what's going on in Iraq did they found any weapon ?? nooooooooo
Did they found benladen in Afghanistan other big nooooooo


You say it best: "on the contrary Islam courage questioning , but in reasonable question

I meant not to ask for example about why I wasn’t god ? like what u say
Why we cant see god ?
But u know what this is also have an answer
We know that our prophet muss spoke to god right
And he asked to see him but when he saw his light only he couldn’t bear his light and and the mountain shaked from his greatest light and then our prophets fall down
We call mussa "kalim Allah"
And has there come to you the story of Mûsa (Moses)?
10. When he saw a fire, he said to his family: "Wait! Verily, I have seen a fire, perhaps I can bring you some burning brand therefrom, or find some guidance at the fire."
11. And when he came to it (the fire), he was called by name: "O Mûsa (Moses)!
12. "Verily! I am your Lord! So take off your shoes, you are in the sacred valley, Tuwa.
13. "And I have chosen you. So listen to that which is inspired to you.
14. "Verily! I am Allâh! Lâ ilâha illa Ana (none has the right to be worshipped but I), so worship Me, and perform AsSalât (Iqâmat-as-Salât) for My Remembrance.
15. "Verily, the Hour is coming and My Will is to keep it hidden that every person may be rewarded for that which he strives.
16. "Therefore, let not the one who believes not therein (i.e. in the Day of Resurrection, Reckoning, Paradise and Hell, etc.), but follows his own lusts,[] divert you therefrom, lest you perish.
17. "And what is that in your right hand, O Mûsa (Moses)?"
18. He said: "This is my stick, whereon I lean, and wherewith I beat down branches for my sheep, and wherein I find other uses."
19. (Allâh) said: "Cast it down, O Mûsa (Moses)!"
20. He cast it down, and behold! It was a snake, moving quickly.
21. Allâh said:"Grasp it, and fear not, We shall return it to its former state,
22. "And press your (right) hand to your (left) side, it will come forth white (and shining), without any disease as another sign,
23. "That We may show you (some) of Our Greater Signs.
24. "Go to Fir'aun (Pharaoh)! Verily, he has transgressed (all bounds in disbelief and disobedience, and has behaved as an arrogant, and as a tyrant)."
Surat Taha 20

Then how come Allah is as u say is the Hazor stone u talking about

If he is so the world will stop working and u will die coz Allah move every thing in this world?

And u again misunderstand we all know that acient Egyptian had lots of gods like romans
They prayed for sun and the story of the god ozoris and his wife auzoris and his brother and son ,,, its all just legion



The only Muslim Nobel Peace Prize winner is Chairman Yassar Arafat. A really great scientist thinker.

No sir and u forget ahmed Zowail, Nageib Mahfouze, Alsadat,….
Wakeup dear

Are you a comedian. You really think that Islam brought knowledge and learning and culture to anything but the graveyards of the world?
Yeah I do as I said about Andalusia
I believe that Allah who made all of this civilization by his creation of human being allover the world, coz who create u create me, and all have goods and bads and I discovered ur good and bads, and he create brain and different thoughts, didn’t u thought how he create all of these different thumb and different eyes don’t u think that he is great enough to believe in him , and he also create those scientist u talk about and gave them those gift

I swear I like u , I like every one on this board and I want only good for them
And if anyone wanna speake deeply in this he could add me on his Msn messenger and I will be so happy for that

 

[dilloduck]

If there are peaceful Muslims, why do Americans not hear them condemning the acts of terrorism? You are slowly allowing your entire religion to be seen as violent.

 

[ajwps]

Actually its u who don’t understand U said

Is Allah the LAST PROPHET of G-d? How can Pbuh Muhammad be the last prophet when it was he that said he was a prophet? Why do you take Pbuh Muhammad's word for his being a prophet?

Did Allah say that the holy land (Israel) belongs to the Jewish people and not to Islam?

Turn on your speakers to hear Allah's Qur'an giving the holy land Israel to the Jewish people.

http://mediaserver.hadi.org:8080/ramgen/qurantts/5-20.rm?mode=compact

وَإِذْ قَالَ مُوسَى لِقَوْمِهِ يَا قَوْمِ اذْكُرُواْ نِعْمَةَ اللّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذْ جَعَلَ فِيكُمْ أَنبِيَاء وَجَعَلَكُم مُّلُوكًا وَآتَاكُم مَّا لَمْ يُؤْتِ أَحَدًا مِّن الْعَالَمِينَيَا قَوْمِ ادْخُلُوا الأَرْضَ المُقَدَّسَةَ الَّتِي كَتَبَ اللّهُ لَكُمْ وَلاَ تَرْتَدُّوا عَلَى أَدْبَارِكُمْ فَتَنقَلِبُوا خَاسِرِينَ

Quran 5:20-21

5:20 Remember Moses said to his people: "O my people! Call in remembrance the favour of Allah unto you, when He produced prophets among you, made you kings, and gave you what He had not given to any other among the peoples.
5:21 "O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin."

Dr. Khaleel Mohammed contends the Quran never mentions Jerusalem as a holy city.

As Dr. Khaleel Mohammed leans back in a chair in his SDSU office, where the walls are lined with religious texts and posters of Bob Marley and Muhammad Ali, he explains that, contrary to popular opinion, history backs him up. “If you’re going to take it from a secular point of view,” he says, “you must involve history, which states very clearly that in 70 A.D. the Temple burned, and in the year 135 the Jews were exiled. And in 638 the Muslims full well knew whom the land rightly belonged to…. Muslims left the borders of Arabia to enter a land that according to their own scriptures, belongs to the people of Moses.” He likens Muslim occupation of the land – and failure to help Jews reacquire the land – to complacency in the face of a crime.

But a Muslim could claim that Muslims controlled the Holy Land for centuries under the Ottoman Empire, a lot longer than modern Jews have controlled Israel.

Doesn’t matter, according to the professor. “It’s in the Muslim consciousness that the land first belonged to the Jews. It doesn’t matter if the Jews were exiled 500 years or 2000 years, the Holy Land, as mentioned in Quran belongs to Moses and his people, the Jews.” Dr. Mohammed says the conditions of the birth of the State of Israel – which included the violent displacement of some Arabs – are irrelevant.

So why is it that most Muslims, not even the scholars, don’t see things the professor’s way? Naturally, politics and greed play a crucial role in fomenting hate, but a major reason is the hadith, commentaries on the Quran that are somewhat akin to Judaism’s Talmud. Dr. Mohammed says you must look at the context of the hadiths’ origins. They were conceived during medieval times, when Jews were demonized.

Dr. Mohammed doesn’t dismiss all hadith out of hand, but he has problems with inserted comments that change the meaning of the original text. For example, after the passage “Enter the Holy Land which God has written for you,” a hadith adds “…but not after Moses died.” “Allah tells Muslims that the Quran is perfect,” says Dr. Mohammed.

Dr. Mohammed says he has convinced many of his Muslim students to see things his way. But they tell him they are afraid of speaking up at their mosque. “In a mosque, I always win an argument,” he claims.
In essence, Dr. Mohammed sees politics, not religion, as the culprit for the radicalization of Islam. It is not that radical Islam flowers naturally from the Quran, but rather that it was borne out of the resentment and turmoil of numerous Muslim defeats: the end of the Ottoman Empire, the foundation of Israel, the Six-Day War, the fall of Iraq.

In an effort to shift the Muslim consensus, Dr. Mohammed recently started the Foundation for the Abrahamic Study of the Religion. He says he’s gotten interest from students as far away as Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. These students, although he’s never met them, seem to possess a more open-minded interpretation of Islam, rather than a strict and violent one.

“Islam sees itself as something of a continuation of the Abrahamic message,” says the professor. “Christianity and Judaism don’t deny democracy. In Quran, the prophet Mohammed says ‘Consult the people’ and therefore, Quran doesn’t deny the development of human thought and a world in which we can respect one another for our differences and come up with new ideas to make a better world.”

To read the full text of an interview with Dr. Mohammed, see www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=13587

 

[5stringJeff]

if we took bible

I believe in bible but the write bible there are thousand of bible and all of them isn’t the right one coz all prophets knew that there will last prophet and they was calling him the prophets of the end of ages ,,
And now how many bibles in the world although there is only one Christ ,, doesn’t this make u think all even believe that it isn’t right

But how many qur'an there is only one qur'an then the promise Allah made is true no harm will touch his book al qur'an al karim doesn’t that mean something
Doesn’t that mean that although years past and there still the qur'an as it is nothing change in it doesn’t that mena that it is the only truth that still exist without any harm

Arabian, I have a couple of issues with your post.
First, there are many Bible translations in many languages. The differences between them are those of translation preferences, i.e. Middle English vs. modern English, word-for-word translation vs. phrase-for-phrase translation. The doctrines and theology of Christianity is the same, regardless of the translation used. Moreover, the Bible is made available to all people through such translation, whereas Islam teaches that people must learn Arabic and read the Koran in Arabic to understand it.
Second, the Bible does not teach that there would be a final prophet after Jesus. Jesus is clearly shown as the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies that predicted a Messiah.

As a side note, I realize that you are Egyptian and that English is probably not your first language, and so I say this not to insult your intelligence but to improve your written English: it is extremely hard to follow your posts when you type 'u' instead of 'you'; 'ur' instead of 'your'; or 'coz' instead of 'because.'

I do appreciate your contributions to the borad though. It's been a long time since we had a Muslim on here.

 

[ajwps]

If there are peaceful Muslims, why do Americans not hear them condemning the acts of terrorism? You are slowly allowing your entire religion to be seen as violent.

You are basing your assertion that the peaceful Muslims should condemn or prevent the radical terrorist Muslims from their acts of beastiality and which is found in the Old Testament.

Where are your brother terrorists? The peacful Muslims reply, "Am I my brother's keepers?"

The blood of the murdered victims cries out from the earth.....

 

[dilloduck]

You are basing your assertion that the peaceful Muslims should condemn or prevent the radical terrorist Muslims from their acts of beastiality and which is found in the Old Testament.

Where are your brother terrorists? The peacful Muslims reply, "Am I my brother's keepers?"

The blood of the murdered victims cries out from the earth.....

no---I'm merely asking a question----everyone knows what your answer will be

 

[ajwps]

no---I'm merely asking a question----everyone knows what your answer will be

The question you asked was "If there are peaceful Muslims, why do Americans not hear them condemning the acts of terrorism? You are slowly allowing your entire religion to be seen as violent."

Okay. What is it that everyone knows what my answer will be?

 

[dilloduck]

The question you asked was "If there are peaceful Muslims, why do Americans not hear them condemning the acts of terrorism? You are slowly allowing your entire religion to be seen as violent."

Okay. What is it that everyone knows what my answer will be?

your answer will be ---hmmmm -----it's getting clearer now-----

What is --- "There are no peaceful muslims"----?

 

[ajwps]

your answer will be ---hmmmm -----it's getting clearer now-----

What is --- "There are no peaceful muslims"----?

There are some Muslims who would like to be peaceful and live with mankind. But they like the unbelievers are fated to be terminated from ambush.

 

[dilloduck]

There are some Muslims who would like to be peaceful and live with mankind. But they like the unbelievers are fated to be terminated from ambush.

I assume this "ambush" thing is some scripture. Without quoting it, can you just tell me who it is that is going to this?

 

[ajwps]

I assume this "ambush" thing is some scripture. Without quoting it, can you just tell me who it is that is going to this?

Dilloduck I am quoting the holy Qur'an. The words of the god Allah to his believers. Allah gives the battle orders to his believers to slay the infidels (idolators) from ambush.

[Qur'an 9.5] So when the sacred months have passed away, then slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captives and besiege them and lie in wait for them in every ambush, then if they repent and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate,

http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/k/koran/koran-idx?type=DIV0&byte=282392


فَإِذَا انسَلَخَ الأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُواْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدتُّمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُواْ لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ فَإِن تَابُواْ وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُاْ الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّواْ سَبِيلَهُمْ إِنَّ اللّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ