What reason do we have to believe that it isn't going to be much worse, especially considering the seemingly insurmountable debt this country is up to it's eyeballs in?
Because the debt isn't as large as it seems.
What matters is not the absolute debt but the debt relative to the size of productive assets.
You can measure it a few ways - relative to GDP and relative to the value of assets. Relative to GDP, government debt is about 68% of GDP. Sounds big, except it was double that after WWII. In 1995, Canada was 100%. (Today, Canada is a bit under the US.) Japan today is ~150% and Italy ~125%. Last time I checked, of the 29 countries in the OECD, the US ranks 11th highest. So, government debt isn't really a problem.
You can also measure total debt - consumer debt, government debt, mortgage debt, corporate debt - against total assets. That is called net assets or net wealth. The net assets of the country have never been higher, pushing $60 trillion excluding government debt as of the third quarter, and above $50 trillion including government debt. Even if you collapsed the housing market 25% and the stock market 30%, net wealth would still be higher than it was several years ago.
You have to understand that doomsayers who have been predicting another Great Depression have been around forever. But the simply truth is that the US has experienced only two recession since 1981, both relatively mild, and the longest period in recorded history with such low volatility in the economy. Most economists don't believe catastrophe awaits. Most don't even believe a recession is on the way. But I think that this speaks to the failings of the economics profession, since I think we are either in one or about to go into a recession now.
That doesn't mean that aren't risks. IMO, the risks lie in the derivatives market, particularly in counter-party risk where the opposing side is unable to pay the other side of the contract. That could set off a chain of defaults throughout the financial system, which could have enormous ramifications for the real economy.
What in your education of economics (I realize your not an economist, but you know what I mean) tells you it won't be that bad?
Also, if you don't think it'll be that bad, can you explain how we'll be able to pull through?
Maybe it will be bad, I don't know. But the structure of the American economy is enormously adaptive, flexible and dynamic. There are excesses in some parts of the economy but not in others. For example, the technology industry went through a true depression after the collapse of the tech bubble in 2000-2002, yet the economy experienced only a mild recession. Also, the global economy is deeper and structurally more sound than it was even five or ten years ago. That doesn't mean the other economies cannot go through a downturn. However, real structural change is occurring in Asia which has tremendous (positive) ramifications for the global economy, making it stronger and more likely to emerge from a recession.
So maybe the end of the world is coming, I don't know. But it is unlikely.