The Health Exchange Marriage Penalty
Just as there are penalties in the tax code for couples who get married, financial penalties in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) also discourage couples from "tying the knot." The ACA establishes state health insurance exchanges where qualifying individuals can purchase subsidized, individual health insurance, starting in October 2013.
However, the exchange subsidies are more generous to unmarried couples than to couples who marry.
Who Qualifies for Health Insurance Exchange Subsidies? All legal U.S. residents will be allowed to purchase health coverage in the exchange. However, subsidies will only be available to individuals and families with incomes from 100 percent to 400 percent of the federal poverty level - from about $23,550 to more than $94,200 for a family of four. Families with incomes below 133 percent must enroll in Medicaid if it is available, and if they qualify to participate in their state. In addition, individuals who have access to affordable employer coverage will not receive subsidies.
The exchange subsidies are rather generous to low-income individuals. Qualifying individuals and families earning 100 percent of the federal poverty level will pay no more than 2 percent of their income. The federal government will cover the rest of their premiums. As income rises, the subsidies phase out, but a family earning 400 percent of the poverty level will pay no more than 9.5 percent of its income in premiums.
The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) does not rise proportionally with the number of individuals in the family. For example, the federal poverty level is $11,490 for a single individual, but only $15,510 for a family of two adults (that is, $4,020 more for a married couple). Thus, because the federal poverty level is not a multiple of family size, two unmarried individuals qualify for larger combined exchange subsidies than they would if they were married.
Penalty for Getting Married. The blue bars in the figure represent the subsidy available to married couples in each income group, while the combined red and blue bars represent the combined subsidy available to unmarried couples (whether they live together or independently). The red bars show the amount of health insurance subsidy penalties couples will suffer by getting married. The penalties are especially high for moderate-income couples.
Consider the case of two unmarried college students each earning 200 percent of the FPL (about $23,000 annually), who move in together. If that same couple married, their combined household income of nearly $46,000 would rise as a percent of the poverty level from 200 percent (individually) to 296 percent for a married family of two. As a result, their premiums in the health insurance exchange would be capped at a higher percentage of their income, providing a smaller total subsidy. Instead of capping their individual premiums at 6.3 percent of income as two individuals earning twice the FPL, their premiums would be capped at 9.4 percent of income for a family of two earning 296 percent of poverty.