The word “communism” has different meanings to different people. To Marx, communism and socialism were interchangeable. Lenin distinguished these words, but not in the way we would today. By socialism he meant a society where everybody would be an employee of the state, which would own all the means of production. This should properly be called state capitalism. By communism he meant what up to then had been called socialism, a classless, moneyless, wageless society with common ownership and democratic control. So Lenin’s “communism” is what we normally refer to as “socialism” and what Lenin called “socialism” is what most of the world thinks of as “communism” and what we like to call state capitalism. Lenin’s socialism was not the goal of Lenin or the Bolsheviks, but the goal was communism or “true” socialism.
So why was this goal never achieved? Why does every communist country in the world have state capitalism? One of the many important ways Lenin disagreed with current socialism is in believing that to achieve this classless moneyless state, a country must go through a transitional phase, where most of the productive property is owned in common by the state, but where class differences remain. This is what Marx and Engels referred to as the “first phase” of communism. This belief in a transitional phase aided in the communists undoing; they remained permanently stuck in transition. Stalin pronounced that “socialism” had been achieved in 1936 and believed that Russia was headed for communism, as did Khrushchev. But Gorbachev, when he became leader in 1985, put off the establishment of communism indefinitely — virtually abandoning it as a goal.
The state capitalism of the Soviet Union and other “communist” countries differs from what we call socialism in so many ways that they have almost nothing in common. Socialism must have democracy in every aspect of life. But in the Soviet Union, it has never had a majority support. This stemed from a differnce in beliefs. Marx believed that the working class must free itself, while Lenin believed that freedom must come from somewhere outside of the working class. Democracy and the self-determination of the working class have never been strong points in the Soviet Union. Instead there was a belief in strong leaders, which lead to a succession of totalitarian states. Socialists, on the other hand, believe in a leaderless society; a primary tenant of socialism is to bring about a classless society in which we can generally regard each other as equals. In addion to not eliminating classes, neither were money, wages, or profits eliminated from Soviet life. Freedom was not achieved and the self-emancipation of the working class, as advocated by Marx, remains a goal.
It was not surprising that communism fell in the Soviet Union. It was locked in a permanent state of transition without true democracy or popular support. In 1990, the Socialist Standard wrote:
“We welcome the fall in these countries of the dictatorial regimes that have dragged the names of socialism and Marx through the mud by wrongly associating them with one-party rule, a police regime, food shortages and regimentation and indoctrination from the cradle to the grave.
“As Socialists who have always held, like Marx, that socialism and democracy are inseparable and who denounced Lenin’s distortion of Marxism right from 1917, we vehemently deny that it is socialism that has failed in Eastern Europe. What has failed there is totalitarian state capitalism falsely masquerading as socialism.”