http://www.medeltid.su.se/Nedladdningar/Poster_Holocene.pdf
It has long been well known that the earth experienced rather high temperatures during the mid-
Holocene period (c. 8 to 5 ka), especially during the summer on high latitudes in the Northern
Hemisphere. In some regions, during certain seasons, the temperatures were several °C higher than
now. This warm period is usually referred to as the Mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum or the Mid-
Holocene Climate Optimum. This warming, and the subsequent cooling (the Neoglaciation), were
primarily caused by changes in the Earth’s orbit (Wanner et al., 2008). The direct results of these orbital
changes during the mid-Holocene, according to state-of-art General Circulation Models and
Energy Balance Models, should have been a substantial warming during the summer in the Northern
Hemisphere and perhaps a slight cooling during the winter, whereas the Southern Hemisphere would
have experienced somewhat cooler summers and warmer winters. However, several strong positive
feedbacks in the climate system and a large-scale reorganization of the latitudinal heat transport seem
to have caused a more global warming. Moreover, the orbital changes alone would have resulted in
maximum Northern Hemisphere summer heating already c. 11 ka. This was, however, not the case.
The cooling effect of the remaining melting ice-sheets from the last glacial period delayed the mid-
Holocene Thermal Maximum with several thousand years (Wanner et al., 2008).
The IPCC (2007) report was inconclusive whether at least parts of the mid-Holocene Thermal
Maximum resulted in globally higher temperatures than those of the present. According to IPCC
(2007) the “spatial coverage, temporal resolution and age control of available Holocene proxy data
limit the ability to determine if there were multi-decadal periods of global warmth comparable to the
last half of 20th century”. A major problem for our understanding of the mid-Holocene Thermal
Maximum is the dominance of proxy records sensitive to specific seasons (e.g. summer) and the limited
number of records from lower latitudes. This lack of appropriate quantitative palaeotemperature
data, especially for the Southern Hemisphere, together with the inability of state-of-art General
Circulation Models and Energy Balance Models to simulate global mean annual temperatures higher
than those of today, have thus led to the conclusion that the mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum very
likely was not a globally synchronous event. Increasingly more data to better address this question
are, however, becoming available but a more comprehensive assessment of the global spatio-temporal
pattern of the mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum has not yet been done. Here, we assess 40 available
quantitative palaeotemperature reconstructions of annual mean temperatures in order to give tentative
answers to the following two questions: 1) What do we know of the spatio-temporal pattern of
the mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum from available palaeotemperature reconstructions? 2) Did any
multi-centennial period of the mid-Holocene Thermal Maximum likely experience substantially (i.e.
more than 1°C) higher annual global mean temperature than the pre-industrial (~1750 AD) period
according to available palaeotemperature reconstructions?