In Defense of Al-Aqsa: The Islamic Movement inside Israel and the Battle for Jerusalem by Craig Larkin, Michael Dumper
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>>The 1929 Riots
The horrifying massacre of the Jews of Hebron, known as the “1929 Riots,” resembles the most brutal of pogroms against Jewish communities in Europe. It dealt the Hebron community a devastating blow, from which it is still trying to recover and led to the destruction of the Jewish presence on the central mountain area of Judea, which was rendered Judenrein.
The traditional Jewish community in Hebron was far removed from any political confrontation or national conflict. Jews and Arabs had inhabited the town for many generations, at times in peaceful coexistence and as good neighbors. The Jews had done much for the town’s economy and its development, of which the main beneficiaries had been their Arab neighbors. The wave of terror was set in motion by Amin al-Husseini, who, after being appointed by the British to the post of Mufti of Jerusalem in 1921, launched a campaign of systematic incitement against the country’s Jewish population in order to inflate his personal status. (The Nazi tendencies of the Mufti - “founder of the Palestinian National Movement” - were revealed later on, during the Holocaust. In 1941, Husseini visited Berlin, met with Hitler and established a Muslim division in the Nazi SS for the ultimate purpose of annihilating the Jews of Eretz Israel. He is considered one of the most notorious war criminals of the time.) The Mufti exploited Jewish demands for worship rights at the Western Wall as a pretext to incite the country’s Arab population, calling for a jihad against the Jews for ostensibly conspiring to demolish Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Jews of Hebron, having nothing to do with any such matter, could not believe that the malevolence would find its way to city of the Patriarch Abraham. Indeed, on the eve of the riots, a squad of Hagana fighters visited Hebron to offer its assistance but was asked to leave in order not to fan the flames.
The bloodshed in Hebron began after riots erupted in Jerusalem on Friday, August 23, 1929. Inflammatory sermons were delivered in mosques and rioters began to attack Jewish homes and the Slobodka Yeshiva. The devoted yeshiva student Shmuel Rosenholz was stabbed and stoned to death as he labored over his Talmud. The British police did nothing to protect the Jews. Their commander, Major Raymond Cafferata, reprimanded Jewish community leaders who hade come to plead for protection and instructed them to hole up in their homes, which were then turned into death traps.
The next morning, August 24, 1929, on Shabbat, a ghastly massacre ensued. Thousands of Arabs carrying knives, hatchets and pitchforks attacked the Jews’ homes. The bloodthirsty Arab mobs found the Jews to be easy prey. They broke into one home after another, with compassion for no one. The aged Rabbi Yosef Castel was tortured to death and his home was set ablaze. Rabbi Hanoch Hasson, chief rabbi of the Sephardic community and his wife were murdered. Benzion Gershon, a pharmacist at the Hadassah clinic who helped anyone who fell ill, Jew or Arab, without any discrimination, was tortured to death after dozens of rioters raped and murdered his daughter before his very eyes. His wife died in agony, her hands amputated. All members of the Slonim family were butchered except for one-year-old Shlomo, who survived despite his having sustained serious injuries. Rabbi Abraham Orlansky, rabbi of Zikhron Ya’akov, father of Hannah Slonim, was murdered by hammer blows to the head; his wife was also murdered. The principal of Tel Nordau School in Tel Aviv, the author Haim Eliezer Bobnikov and his wife Penina, visiting Hebron with their children on vacation, were tortured to death; their children, an eight-year-old boy and a twelve-year-old girl, hid in an adjacent
cupboard and heard their parents being murdered. Rabbi Zvi Drabkin was stabbed with daggers until his intestines spilled out. Bezalel Lazerowski and his five-year-old daughter, Devora, were butchered. Eliyahu Abushadid and his son Yitzhak were murdered as Yitzhak’s younger brother, nine-year-old Yehuda, witnessed. The marauders raped Liba Segal before the eyes of her husband and son and then murdered them both as she looked on, then amputating her fingers. The baker Noah Immerman was shoved into a sizzling oven and burned to death. R. Moshe Goldschmid’s daughter stepped out of her hiding place and saw a ghastly spectacle: her father suspended, his eyes gouged out, over the flame of his burning primus stove.
The Jews pleaded for mercy, wailing and beseeching at the top of their lungs. The Arab monsters responded by shouting “Allahu akbar” (G-d is great) and “Itbah al Yahud” (Slaughter the Jews), mercilessly tormenting and butchering old people, babies, women and children. The streets echoed with cries of terror and filled with blood and feathers. It must be acknowledged that a small number of Arabs, from among a murderous population of many thousands, did conceal and rescue some Jews.
The Hebron police, composed largely of Arab patrolmen and British commanders, turned a blind eye. Several Arab police even participated in the massacre. Only several hours later did a British officer fire in the air and force the marauders to begin to scatter. The battered and frightened remnants of the community, as well as the brutalized corpses, were taken to the British police post at Beit Romano. The seriously wounded were moved to the healthcare facilities, where they received little aid or medical care and then died in their agony. The next day, fifty-nine fatalities were buried in a mass grave in the town’s old Jewish cemetery; the stunned survivors were not even allowed to give them a proper funeral. Subsequently, eight additional Jews died. The survivors were banished from town, defeated and destitute and the Arab murderers looted and appropriated their homes and property.
The Arab terror wave spread to all parts of the country - Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa, Motza, Hulda, Safed and other places. In its ghastly course, 133 Jews were murdered, half of them - 67 - in Hebron. The gruesome event totally transformed the nature of Jewish settlement in Eretz Israel. Of all Jewish communities that the rioters had targeted, only the Jewish community in Hebron was not immediately revitalized.
Thus, the brutal terror and atrocities at the hands of a murderous Arab mob, with collaboration from the Mandate government which finished the job off by deporting the survivors, succeeded in obliterating the community of Hebron, the oldest Jewish community in Eretz Israel. The Mufti’s evil plan had come to pass. In addition to Hebron, the Jewish communities of Shechem, Migdal Eder (near today’s Etzion Bloc) and other villages were destroyed in the riots and the central mountain area was emptied of its Jews. This outcome shaped the geographic reality in Eretz Israel in a manner that has lasted to this day. The main Jewish presence in the country is compressed into the greater Tel Aviv - coastal area, whereas the central mountain area - the source of control, security and water - was abandoned.
IV. The Attempt to Recover from the Devastation
The remnants of the Hebron community were dispersed around Jerusalem in paupers’ shelters, hospitals, schools and relatives’ homes. Those associated with the Sephardic community maintained their community framework. They held conventions and gatherings in which they demanded the right to return to their town. The chief rabbis, Rabbi A.I. Hacohen Kook and the Rishon Lezion, Rabbi Ya’akov Meir, embraced the survivors, bolstered their morale and called for their return to Hebron. Several Zionist leaders, too, including Chaim Weizmann and Haim Arlosorov, favored such an initiative. A group of families led by R. Hayyim Bejano returned to Hebron in 1931. They labored prodigiously to re-establish the community even though they received no material support from official sources. At this time, another storey was built atop Beit Hasson and a beit midrash named for R. Amram b. Divan, a Moroccan Jewish leader, was opened there. In 1936, however, when the Arabs launched their next round of riots, the British again drove the Jews out of Hebron. A solitary Jewish family stayed on - the cheesemaker Yaakov Ezra and his son Yosef. After the 1947 UN partition resolution, they, too, were forced to leave, marking the demise of the ancient Jewish community of Hebron.
The Jewish property remained easy prey for the Arab murderers, who looted the homes and desecrated and destroyed the tombstones that had been erected in the cemetery for the 1929 martyrs.
In the decade preceding Israel’s War of Independence (1948–1949), an attempt was made to correct a small extent of the injustice and establish a Jewish foothold on the mountain crest: four communities – ‘Kefar Etzion’, ‘Massuot Yitzhak’, ‘Ein Tsurim’ and ‘Revadim’ - were founded between Hebron and Jerusalem. The Arabs were unwilling to acquiesce in the existence of even these tiny communities in this strategic area. On the eve of the establishment of the State of Israel, these communities fell after a valorous battle. The defenders of Kefar Etzion were all murdered; the other fighters were taken prisoner. The last Jews to pass through the abandoned City of the Patriarchs were the hundreds of POWs, settlers and defenders of the Etzion Bloc, who were interned at the former British police fortress in Hebron for three weeks or so until they were taken to captivity in Transjordan. Due to their immensely heroic struggle, it was the Etzion Bloc victims who saved Jerusalem from destruction.
After the Kingdom of Transjordan (later Jordan) occupied the area in 1948, it began to level the Jewish sites systematically in order to obliterate every trace of the Hebron Jewish community. The Jewish quarter was razed to the ground. A wholesale “market” was built in its southern section; its central area became a garbage dump, an abattoir and a public latrine. The ancient Avraham Avinu Synagogue was reduced to a mound of refuse and debris and was used as a pen for sheep and goats. The Jewish cemetery was demolished: the plot reserved for the 1929 martyrs was totally obliterated, the tombstones shattered and the area was planted over with trees and vegetables. The Chabad parcel was defiled and destroyed, as were the graves of the rabbis and kabbalists. Beit Hadassah and Beit Romano became Arab schools. A central bus station was erected on the Chabad property south of Beit Romano; the Jewish homes in the northern section, including those of the Hausmanns and the Klonskys, were demolished and replaced with shops. The “kabbalists’ courtyard” became a cowshed; other Jewish homes were seized and became Arab residences, shops and warehouses. Spacious Arab homes were built on some of the Jewish land at Tel Rumeida. The City of the Patriarchs seemed to have met its demise, its offspring uprooted by an evil, malevolent hand.
Although the situation seemed worse than dispiriting, the Jews did not give up their property. They produced and kept lists of properties and owners. After having been driven out of their homes, most of the Jewish refugees from Hebron refused to sell their properties to Arabs, despite their dire economic situation and the seemingly scanty likelihood of restitution. The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzhak, adamantly refused to sell his holdings - including Beit Romano and the land next to it - and ceaselessly demanded their recovery.<<
Hebron - The Foundation of Jewish History by Noam Arnon
The Grand Mufti’s Nazi connection
>>According to Dr. Yuval Arnon-Ohanna of Ariel University, who headed the Palestinian Desk at the Mossad Research Division, the secretary-general of the Arab League, Azzam Pasha, stated in September 1947 that the core problem was not a Palestinian state or Jewish expansionism. The only priority was the duty to uproot the Jewish presence from Palestine, which was defined by Muslims as “Waqf” — an area divinely endowed to Islam and not to the “infidel.”
The elimination of Jews was the top priority of the grand mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, the founder and president of the (Palestinian) Arab Higher Committee and a collaborator with Nazi Germany. In September 1941, he submitted a memo to Adolf Hitler on “the resolution of the Jewish problem in the Middle East in the same manner it is resolved in Europe,” planning the construction of Auschwitz-like crematoriums in the Dothan Valley, adjacent to Nablus in Samaria. In fact, Mahmoud Abbas recently expressed his admiration for al-Husseini as a hero and martyr. Abbas appointed the current grand mufti of Jerusalem, who continues al-Husseini’s anti-Jewish hate education.<<
