Keep A Little Bit Of Territory Available At All Times, Or You'll Go Nuts (A Thousand Plateaus)
Whomever wrote the manifesto, it laments of infiltration of "my beloved Texas." This territoriality will link to militarism, Mexico and the IMF via the Roman model and economic hitmen:
'The Roman Empire is probably the first really to be grounded in the acquisition of private property. The reason I called the Roman Empire and empire of property is because, first of all, it was responding to the interests of private propertied classes in ways quite different, for example, from empires like the Chinese, where private property was well developed but where the imperial state was a primary mode of appropriation for officeholders and the main source of great wealth. In the Roman Empire we're talking about property in land as the principle source of power and the empire was constructed on that foundation. The republic that created this empire was basically an oligarchy of propertied classes and it was their interests that were being expressed in imperial expansion. And in fact, although they created an imperial state, the imperial state never became the primary source of wealth for the ruling classes. Property was always the objective, the sole reliable source of wealth, while the imperial state served as an instrument of appropriation indirectly by protecting and expanding private property. The Roman Empire was basically one big land-grabbing operation.
All the ruling classes enriched themselves big time. They also, to some extent, used imperial land to pacify their own peasant armies, whom they had basically been expropriating at home. But they also effectively created local propertied classes in their colonial territories, even in places where aristocracies of property hadn't existed before. So the empire was in a sense more a coalition of local landed aristocracies than an imperial state.
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What was the chain of events that helped facilitate the process of developing countries becoming beholden to institutions like the IMF and the World Bank which dictated neoliberal policies -- starting with the OPEC oil crisis of the early 1970s and the petrodollars that were produced by those countries in the Middle East that had oil?
DH: ....With the OPEC oil price hike in 1973, a vast amount of money was being accumulated by the Saudis and other Gulf states. And then the big question was: well, what's going to happen to that money? Now, we do know that the U.S. government was very anxious that that money be brought back to New York, to be circulated back int the global economy via the New York investment banks, and persuaded the Saudis to do that. Why the Saudis were persuaded to do it remains a bit of a mystery. We kn ow from British intelligence sources that the U.S. was actually prepared to invade Saudi Arabia in 1973, but whether the Saudis were told: recycle the money through New York or you get invaded....who knows?
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And so they started to make money available to to many countries like Argentina, Mexico -- Latin America was very popular -- but also places like Poland even. They lent a lot of money to those countries.
That worked out quite well for a while, but then in 1982 there was this general fiscal crisis, particularly after Volcker had raised the interest rate. What this meant was that the Mexicans who had borrowed money at 5 percent were now having to pay it back at 16 percent or 17 percent, and they found that they couldn't do it. Mexico was about to go bankrupt in 1982. That was the point at which neoliberalism kicked in. The U.S. via the International Monetary Fund and the U.S. Treasury said: we'll bail you out, but we'll bail you out on condition that you start to privatize and op up the country to foreign investment and start to adopt a neoliberal stance. Initially the Mexicans really didn't do that very much, but by the time you get to 1988 they start to do it big time.
But here's the interesting thing: it's unreasonable to think that actually the U.S. imposed neoliberalization on Mexico. What happened was that the U.S. was putting neoliberalizing pressures on Mexico and an elite inside of Mexico seized the opportunity to say: yes, that's what we want. So it was a coalition between the elite in Mexico and the U.S. Treasury/IMF that put together the kind of neoliberalization package that came to Mexico in the late 1980s. And actually, if you look at the pattern, it's very rare for there to be a straight imposition of neoliberalizing policies through the IMF or the U.S. It's nearly always an alliance between an internal elite, as it had been in Chile, and U.S. forces that put this thing together. And it's the internal elite who are as much to blame for neoliberalization as the international institutions.'
(Lilley, op cit pp. 30 & 50)