In my opinion, if you understand and follow Jesus Christ's two most important teachings - both taken from the Old Testament -
then you would by default follow the 10 Commandments.
PART 1:"Love God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind and with all your strength."
PART 2: "Love Your Neighbor As Yourself"
1. Thou shalt not have any other gods before God. - PART 1
2. Thou shalt not make yourself an idol. PART 1
3. Thou shalt not take the Lord's name in vain. PART 1
4. Remember the Sabbath Day and keep it Holy. PART 1
5. Honor your Father and Mother. PART 1 and PART 2
6. Thou shalt not murder. PART 1 and PART 2
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. PART 2
8. Thou shalt not steal. PART 2
9. Thou shalt not testify or bear false witness against your neighbor. PART 2
10. Thou shalt not covet. PART 2.
IN MY HUMBLE OPINION:
Most of the commandments are relatively straight forward. That said, the meaning of certain words/phrases has evolved over the years.
We can begin with #2. In the days that they were written, people would make "idols" out of wood - specifically called "Asherah" poles - and other objects such as "The Golden Calf" and so forth. They would worship these objects as if they were "gods" themselves. That's why older translations specify not to make "objects, etc".
Although the worship of "objects" as 'gods' can happen in smaller cults and in the occult - the vast majority of "worshiping objects" among most major religions no longer occurs. What has happened over the course of time is that people begin to "Idolize" - such things as political parties, celebrities, games, philosophies, etc - and form "ideologies" that could be considered "false idols" - these are the "idols" of the modern day world.
#4 "The Sabbath".
In the days that the commandments were written, "The Sabbath" was the one day of the entire week all people were given a "break" from working - including servants, slaves, etc. Over the years, the day of the week has changed, depending on what religious sect you follow. The importance of "honoring the Sabbath" is taking time - whenever possible - to honor God, Creation and one another - to take time to self reflect, spend time with loved ones, etc - that is what the Sabbath has become. Some people are fortunate enough to be able to do that on a specific day of every week. Others, on the other hand, because of work, etc may not be afforded that same luxury - but yet will honor God, Creation, one another, whenever they have a day off - in my humble opinion, that "could" be considered "honoring the Sabbath".
#7 - Adultery - when it was written, men could marry multiple wives, divorce them, marry more wives, etc and not "commit adultery" while if any of the wives the man had divorced would remarry, etc - they would have "committed adultery". So obviously that has also changed over the years. The most modern translation (and it varies depending on religious sect) is if a married couple becomes divorced because a spouse is unfaithful to the other, that could be considered adultery - but it would be on a case per case basis, imo - a lot of things can happen in a marriage nowadays - it's really not that simple anymore. That's the way I understand it but as I said, depending on your belief, that can vary. The gift of repentance and being able to "forgive one another" could also go a long way with this, imo.
One should keep in mind that although the ten commandments are "spiritual" in nature, they were written primarily to govern the Israelites in the ancient physical world. Obviously, the majority of them are simple, straightforward and should be followed to this day. But there are a few (as I mentioned) that have evolved over the years in the physical world world and the majority of them can be summed up "spiritually" by Loving God with all your heart, soul, mind and strength and by loving your neighbor as yourself.