There is no real dispute that weather data from cities, as collected by meteorological stations, is contaminated by urban heat island (UHI) bias, and that this has to be removed to identify climatic changes or trends. In cities, vertical walls, steel and concrete absorb the sunÂ’s heat and are slow to cool at night. More and more of the world is urbanized (population increased from 1.5 B to 6 B in 1900s).
The UHI effect occurs not only for big cities but also for towns. Oke (who won the 2008 American Meteorological Society’s Helmut Landsberg award for his pioneer work on urbanization) had a formula for the warming that is tied to population. Oke (1973) found that the UHI (in °C) increases according to the formula
GISS uses in the USA, southern Canada and northern Mexico an urbanization adjustment based on the amount of night time light measured by satellites from the station locations. Unlit stations are classified as rural stations. This does produce some adjustment and a reasonable plot of temperatures but as GISS notes, this is just less than 2% of the globe.”
The difference from their adjusted values and the NOAA no longer adjusted shows NOAA was misguided in their removal of the urban adjustment, with a net cooling of 0.2F in 1930s and warming of 0.4F near 2005. NOAA data adjusted to the GISS base period of 1951-1980.
The net warming in the UHI adjusted GISS US data set from the peak around 1930 to the peak near 2000 was a meager 0.15C. It may be assumed the same would be true for the world if we could make a similar needed UHI adjustment.
http://icecap.us/images/uploads/US_AND_GLOBAL_TEMP_ISSUES.pdf
Joseph D’Aleo was the first Director of Meteorology at the cable TV Weather Channel. He has over 30 years experience in professional meteorology. Mr. D’Aleo was Chief Meteorologist at Weather Services International Corporation and Senior Editor of “Dr. Dewpoint” for WSI’s popular Intellicast.com web site. He is a former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College. He has authored and presented a number of papers as well as published a book focused on advanced applications enabled by new technologies and how research into ENSO and other atmospheric and oceanic phenomena has made skillful seasonal forecasts possible. Mr. D’Aleo has also authored many articles and made numerous presentations on the roles cycles in the sun and oceans have played in climate change.
Mr. DÂ’Aleo is a Certified Consultant Meteorologist and was elected a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society (AMS). He has served as a member and then chairman of the American Meteorological SocietyÂ’ Committee on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, and has co-chaired national conferences for both the American Meteorological Society and the National Weather Association. Mr. DÂ’Aleo was elected a Councilor for the AMS.
Joseph DÂ’Aleo is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin BS, MS and was in the doctoral program at NYU.
Mr. DÂ’AleoÂ’s areas of expertise include climatology, natural factors involved in climate change, weather and climate prediction, and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
Dr. Robert C. Balling Jr. is a professor in the climatology program at Arizona State University, specializing in climate change and the greenhouse effect. Balling has been a climate consultant to the United Nations Environment Program, the World Climate Program, the World Meteorological Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In addition, Dr. Balling authored The Heated Debate: Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality. He is also co-author of the book Satanic Gases with Pat Michaels.
ICECAP
While the debate rages, perhaps there are a few out there that do have the ability to call into question this so called consensus and still have the ability to debate their peers on a professional level.
And why would we exclude UHI? Since you seem to understand that dark asfalt ABSORBS heat you would also understand that the land mass under the ice that is melting WILL ABSORB MORE HEAT than the ice which reflects it.....Now hear is the real bitch.....Permafrost releases METHANE from dead plant matter and I thing we ALL know that METHANE is an even worse greenhouse gas. YES!!??
Doran, et al (2002) conducted a study of temperatures and ecosystem response in
AntarcticaÂ’s dry valleys. They begin by stating that
“The average air temperature at the Earth’s surface has increased by 0.06°C per decade
during the 20th century,” according to the IPCC, “and by 0.19°C per decade from 1979 to
1998.”
In fact, “Climate models generally predict amplified warming in polar regions,” which
would suggest that Antarctic temperatures should have warmed more than this in response to
increases in greenhouse gases.
However, “Although previous reports suggest slight recent continental warming,” they
declare that "our spatial analysis of Antarctic meteorological data" demonstrated “a net
cooling over the entire Antarctic continent between 1966 and 2000, particularly during
summer and autumn,” when ice melt would be most likely to occur. A study of temperatures
and ecosystem response in the McMurdo Dry Valleys indicated a cooling of 0.7°C per
decade between 1986 and 2000.
http://icecap.us/images/uploads/antarctica_white_paper_final.pdf
But a study led by Duane G. Froese of the University of Alberta concludes permafrost is far more resistant to climate change than previously claimed. The study, “Ancient Permafrost and a Future, Warmer Arctic” (Science, September 19, 2008), examines ancient ice, determined to be 740,000 years old, found in the Yukon. The permafrost has, indeed, remained “permanent” despite having experienced climate change—both warming and cooling—for hundreds of thousands of years.
William D. Balgord, Ph.D., president of Environmental & Resources Technology, Inc., a Middleton, Wisconsin-based consulting firm, also doubts the modelsÂ’ ability to reflect the complex realities of the geophysical world.
“The 2006 Nature article is long on implications for severe melting of permafrost, predicted by the author’s crafted model, but short on evidence that melting is proceeding at an adequate rate and sufficiently long time to set in play the positive feedback loop described by Chris Field,” said Balgord.
“What he and other pro-warming advocates ignore is overwhelming evidence of strong negative feedbacks in place, resisting changes that might disrupt global climate patterns beyond the envelope of natural variability,” Balgord added. “To cite another example, the Holocene [the current geological period that has existed since the retreat of the last continental glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere] has been firmly in place now for some 12,000 years. During this period, sea levels have not risen or fallen significantly from their current positions, clear evidence of a climatic ‘still-stand.’”
Melting Permafrost Scare Deflated by New Study - by Bonner R. Cohen - Environment & Climate News
Listen I'm quite well aware of the UHI effect so much so that NASA/NOAA has to adjust it's data gathering techniques in 2007 to account for it. In fact let me cite you an example of how NOAA gathers data. Take Calfornia for instance. it gathers data from 2 stations, one in L.A. the other in Santa Monica, both UHI, and excludes data in its averaging from all the other 27 stations localted in rural areas that could result in a swing of temp. variations. Thesse variations are at the moment show a net increase in Temps that is higher than it should be because if that exclusion. Further, even though the sun heats land masses UHI heating is significantly higher than the surrounding natural heating of bare land including the top layer of permafrost. Methane and CO2 are a byproduct of permafrost melting and I don't think I have ever indicated otherwise nor suggested that the impact of a release of massive amounts of Methane into the atmosphere would be a good thing.
An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. The phenomenon was first investigated and described, though not by name, by Luke Howard in the 1810s.[1] The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. Seasonally, UHI is seen during both summer and winter. The main cause of the urban heat island is modification of the land surface by urban development which uses materials which effectively retain heat.
Urban heat island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia