Ecological Drought in Alaska: Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change on a Large, Diverse, Remote Landscape | National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center
The interior part of Alaska receives about the same amount of annual precipitation as Tucson, AZ, but its landscape is far from desert-like: vast spruce forests punctuated by streams and fields of wildflowers in many places. This is due to Alaska’s unique hydrology and water-storage features. Snowpack storage, late snowmelt, a short snow-free season, and low evaporation and transpiration rates result in higher vegetative productivity and streamflow than would normally be expected.
Climate change, however, is threatening Alaska’s landscape and its water resources. On September 15-16, 2015, twenty-one scientists, managers, and communicators gathered in Fairbanks, AK to discuss and synthesize our existing knowledge of climate change and ecological drought impacts across the state. Over the course of the workshop, the group agreed on several important factors that exemplify the real, observable, and profound changes that are occurring in Alaska:
- Alaska is warming twice as fast as the rest of the United States...As Alaska continues to warm and the impacts of climate change are more widespread, the threat of ecological drought has the potential to result in major social and ecological impacts.
- Alaska is getting warmer earlier in the year...Over the past 60 years, the average annual temperature in Alaska has increased by over 3 degrees Fahrenheit, with most of the change happening in winter and spring. This is likely affecting hydrology, vegetation, and animal migration patterns.
- Alaska is burning more, and more often...As maximum temperatures in May and June rise, so does the threat of large-burned wildfires. In the past 15 years alone, there have been seven wildfires that burned one million or more acres.
Alaska is getting less snow...Snow cover is important for water storage and insulation, soil temperatures, energy balance, habitat, and permafrost thickness. Less snow means drier landscapes and shrinking wetlands. Additionally, it can accelerate #1 (warming) and #2 (fire incidence).
Alaska is warming much faster than any of the other 49 states.