“Climate Change in Your Face” — Great Barrier Reef Suffers Second Consecutive Mass Bleaching as Pote

[RodISHI]

I guarantee it's not temperature related at all. A

Coral has a lifespan anyway.


It could be some kind of foreign plankton or any damn thing, really.

So an aerial observation while flying overhead is their assessment?

No diving down for core samples to find anything out?


No consultation with Marine Biologists?

"We flew over and there was some white, so it must be global warming"

Thank you for your non-scientific conclusion without any studies done.

Now go choke yourself, Private Pyle!

Smart assed little cocksucker, aren't you. Since you linked to nothing but your stinking asshole, we know what your opinion is worth and where it comes from.

http://cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu/Downloads/Publications/BC_Jokiel_2004_bleaching_chapter.pdf

The Bleaching Phenomenon Reef corals are symbioses that consist of an animal partner and dinoflagellate algae commonly known as zooxanthellae. This delicate association functions only within a very narrow range of environmental conditions in shallow tropical seas (Wells 1957). The symbiosis is thought to have developed as a means of coping with very low concentrations of nutrients in tropical marine waters (Muscatine and Porter 1977). This association provides benefits to both partners. The zooxanthellae are primary producers and supply their coral hosts with photosynthetic products vital to meeting their energetic requirements. In return, the zooxanthellae receive living space and nutrients in the form of waste metabolic products from the host. The tight cycling within the symbioses facilitates the high productivity and calcification rates observed in corals (Falkowski et al. 1984)

. “Coral bleaching”occurs when environmental conditions disrupt the symbiosis, leading the degeneration and/or expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral host.As a result of photosynthetic pigment loss,the white skeleton becomes visible through the transparent coral tissue, giving the organism a “bleached”white appearance. Bleaching is fatal to the coral unless the symbiotic relationship can be quickly re-established. Reef corals play a central role in coral reef communities, so their continued health is of critical importance. Since the 1980s, spectacular regional bleaching events have occurred on coral reef areas throughout the world with increasing frequency and increasing geographic extent. These mass bleaching events correlate with elevated sea surface temperatures (SST). The mass bleaching phenomenon is believed to be associated with global warming due to anthropomorphic release of carbon dioxide and other gasses (reviewed by Jokiel and Coles 1990; Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Glynn 1991, 1993; Goreau 1992; Pittock 1999; Fitt et al. 2001). The issue of global warming and mass coral bleaching will undoubtedly continue to be a major concern in the field of coral reef ecology

That is why the dead zone in the Gulf keeps growing and growing every year

 

[Old Rocks]

So, once again we have the 'Conservatives' purposely derailing a thread. We are seeing the bleaching of corals worldwide, and it is primarily due to the increase in temperature and ocean acidity.

 

[Sun Devil 92]

I guarantee it's not temperature related at all. A

Coral has a lifespan anyway.


It could be some kind of foreign plankton or any damn thing, really.

So an aerial observation while flying overhead is their assessment?

No diving down for core samples to find anything out?


No consultation with Marine Biologists?

"We flew over and there was some white, so it must be global warming"

Thank you for your non-scientific conclusion without any studies done.

Now go choke yourself, Private Pyle!

Smart assed little cocksucker, aren't you. Since you linked to nothing but your stinking asshole, we know what your opinion is worth and where it comes from.

http://cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu/Downloads/Publications/BC_Jokiel_2004_bleaching_chapter.pdf

The Bleaching Phenomenon Reef corals are symbioses that consist of an animal partner and dinoflagellate algae commonly known as zooxanthellae. This delicate association functions only within a very narrow range of environmental conditions in shallow tropical seas (Wells 1957). The symbiosis is thought to have developed as a means of coping with very low concentrations of nutrients in tropical marine waters (Muscatine and Porter 1977). This association provides benefits to both partners. The zooxanthellae are primary producers and supply their coral hosts with photosynthetic products vital to meeting their energetic requirements. In return, the zooxanthellae receive living space and nutrients in the form of waste metabolic products from the host. The tight cycling within the symbioses facilitates the high productivity and calcification rates observed in corals (Falkowski et al. 1984)

. “Coral bleaching”occurs when environmental conditions disrupt the symbiosis, leading the degeneration and/or expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral host.As a result of photosynthetic pigment loss,the white skeleton becomes visible through the transparent coral tissue, giving the organism a “bleached”white appearance. Bleaching is fatal to the coral unless the symbiotic relationship can be quickly re-established. Reef corals play a central role in coral reef communities, so their continued health is of critical importance. Since the 1980s, spectacular regional bleaching events have occurred on coral reef areas throughout the world with increasing frequency and increasing geographic extent. These mass bleaching events correlate with elevated sea surface temperatures (SST). The mass bleaching phenomenon is believed to be associated with global warming due to anthropomorphic release of carbon dioxide and other gasses (reviewed by Jokiel and Coles 1990; Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Glynn 1991, 1993; Goreau 1992; Pittock 1999; Fitt et al. 2001). The issue of global warming and mass coral bleaching will undoubtedly continue to be a major concern in the field of coral reef ecology

Oooohhhhh

Tough words from the resident moron.

We should dig them up.

 

[RodISHI]

So, once again we have the 'Conservatives' purposely derailing a thread. We are seeing the bleaching of corals worldwide, and it is primarily due to the increase in temperature and ocean acidity.

I think more do to the pollution

 

[Marion Morrison]

I guarantee it's not temperature related at all. A

Coral has a lifespan anyway.


It could be some kind of foreign plankton or any damn thing, really.

So an aerial observation while flying overhead is their assessment?

No diving down for core samples to find anything out?


No consultation with Marine Biologists?

"We flew over and there was some white, so it must be global warming"

Thank you for your non-scientific conclusion without any studies done.

Now go choke yourself, Private Pyle!

Smart assed little cocksucker, aren't you. Since you linked to nothing but your stinking asshole, we know what your opinion is worth and where it comes from.

http://cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu/Downloads/Publications/BC_Jokiel_2004_bleaching_chapter.pdf

The Bleaching Phenomenon Reef corals are symbioses that consist of an animal partner and dinoflagellate algae commonly known as zooxanthellae. This delicate association functions only within a very narrow range of environmental conditions in shallow tropical seas (Wells 1957). The symbiosis is thought to have developed as a means of coping with very low concentrations of nutrients in tropical marine waters (Muscatine and Porter 1977). This association provides benefits to both partners. The zooxanthellae are primary producers and supply their coral hosts with photosynthetic products vital to meeting their energetic requirements. In return, the zooxanthellae receive living space and nutrients in the form of waste metabolic products from the host. The tight cycling within the symbioses facilitates the high productivity and calcification rates observed in corals (Falkowski et al. 1984)

. “Coral bleaching”occurs when environmental conditions disrupt the symbiosis, leading the degeneration and/or expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral host.As a result of photosynthetic pigment loss,the white skeleton becomes visible through the transparent coral tissue, giving the organism a “bleached”white appearance. Bleaching is fatal to the coral unless the symbiotic relationship can be quickly re-established. Reef corals play a central role in coral reef communities, so their continued health is of critical importance. Since the 1980s, spectacular regional bleaching events have occurred on coral reef areas throughout the world with increasing frequency and increasing geographic extent. These mass bleaching events correlate with elevated sea surface temperatures (SST). The mass bleaching phenomenon is believed to be associated with global warming due to anthropomorphic release of carbon dioxide and other gasses (reviewed by Jokiel and Coles 1990; Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Glynn 1991, 1993; Goreau 1992; Pittock 1999; Fitt et al. 2001). The issue of global warming and mass coral bleaching will undoubtedly continue to be a major concern in the field of coral reef ecology

2 words in that: "is believed"

No scientific study has been done whatsoever on the subject.

The "mass bleachings" could also correlate with coral-killing fungi, or dangerous amoebas, or any damn thing.

Here's another thing: What does sea surface temperature

have to do with coral that is under the sea's surface, where it is cooler? Aye?

Nice try, but no. It also could be be from higher detritus concentrations in the water clogging the pores of the coral.

You have no idea but "It's global warming" Bwahahhaha!

 

[Old Rocks]

Date: 09 November 2010
Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms

• 
  
  
  • Michael P. Lesser

Abstract
Unprecedented changes in coral reef systems have focused attention on a wide range of stressors on local, regional, and global spatial scales but global climate change resulting in elevated seawater temperatures is widely accepted as having contributed to the major declines in coral cover or phase shifts in community structure on time scales never previously observed or recorded in the geological record. The major mechanism of scleractinian mortality as a result of global climate change is “coral bleaching,” the loss of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (=zooxanthellae) that occurs as part of the coral stress response to temperature perturbations in combination with several other synergistic factors. Over several years many studies have shown that the common mechanism underlying the stress response of corals to elevated temperatures is oxidative stress that is exacerbated when exposure to high irradiances of solar radiation accompanies the thermal insult. Oxidative stress, the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals can cause damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Reactive oxygen species are also important signal transduction molecules and mediators of damage in cellular processes, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and cell necrosis all of which are believed to have roles in coral bleaching depending on the intensity and duration of the environmental insult. This chapter examines the current evidence supporting the hypothesis that the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress and is the proximal cause of coral bleaching.

Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms - Springer

No scientific study? My, more 'alternative facts' straight from MM's ass.

 

[Marion Morrison]

So, once again we have the 'Conservatives' purposely derailing a thread. We are seeing the bleaching of corals worldwide, and it is primarily due to the increase in temperature and ocean acidity.

Oh oh oh, now it could be pH too. You just self-owned.

You have exacerbated my tolerance with your flagellant self.

See? I can use big words, too.

All those big words are one huge deflection from the fact they really don't know. So according to that statement in the post above me, the sun is burning through the atmosphere more or something?

"with several other synergistic factors. Over several years many studies have shown that the common mechanism underlying the stress response of corals to elevated temperatures is oxidative stress that is exacerbated when exposure to high irradiances of solar radiation"

That's not AGW, guy.

You post the intro, do you have the meat and potatoes or no?

 

[Old Rocks]

Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders

1. K. R. N. Anthony1,
2. D. I. Kline,
3. G. Diaz-Pulido,
4. S. Dove, and
5. O. Hoegh-Guldberg

Abstract
Ocean acidification represents a key threat to coral reefs by reducing the calcification rate of framework builders. In addition, acidification is likely to affect the relationship between corals and their symbiotic dinoflagellates and the productivity of this association. However, little is known about how acidification impacts on the physiology of reef builders and how acidification interacts with warming. Here, we report on an 8-week study that compared bleaching, productivity, and calcification responses of crustose coralline algae (CCA) and branching (Acropora) and massive (Porites) coral species in response to acidification and warming. Using a 30-tank experimental system, we manipulated CO2 levels to simulate doubling and three- to fourfold increases [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection categories IV and VI] relative to present-day levels under cool and warm scenarios. Results indicated that high CO2 is a bleaching agent for corals and CCA under high irradiance, acting synergistically with warming to lower thermal bleaching thresholds. We propose that CO2 induces bleaching via its impact on photoprotective mechanisms of the photosystems. Overall, acidification impacted more strongly on bleaching and productivity than on calcification. Interestingly, the intermediate, warm CO2 scenario led to a 30% increase in productivity in Acropora, whereas high CO2 lead to zero productivity in both corals. CCA were most sensitive to acidification, with high CO2 leading to negative productivity and high rates of net dissolution. Our findings suggest that sensitive reef-building species such as CCA may be pushed beyond their thresholds for growth and survival within the next few decades whereas corals will show delayed and mixed responses.
Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders

There are many, many more articles. Not that you would ever alleviate your willful ignorance by actually reading them.

 

[The Irish Ram]

It's the California cows farting the globe up.

Why only the California cows?

Seriously though, that's the biggest fail of an OP and article I've seen in quite a while.

Because the elected officials in California plan on fining the cow farting owners. It is another money grab. Ranchers will sell off the culprits and a shortage will ensue. The price of beef will climb and only the rich will eat beef. The rest can eat cake....

 

[Old Rocks]

So, once again we have the 'Conservatives' purposely derailing a thread. We are seeing the bleaching of corals worldwide, and it is primarily due to the increase in temperature and ocean acidity.

Oh oh oh, now it could be pH too. You just self-owned.

You have exacerbated my tolerance with your flagellant self.

See? I can use big words, too.

All those big words are one huge deflection from the fact they really don't know. So according to that statement in the post above me, the sun is burning through the atmosphere more or something?

No, it is you that does not know, or else lies willfully. There are many articles on the bleaching of coral. All you have to do is look for them. And those from the PNAS are free.

 

[Old Rocks]

It's the California cows farting the globe up.

Why only the California cows?

Seriously though, that's the biggest fail of an OP and article I've seen in quite a while.

Because the elected officials in California plan on fining the cow farting owners. It is another money grab. Ranchers will sell off the culprits and a shortage will ensue. The price of beef will climb and only the rich will eat beef. The rest can eat cake....

And that has what to do with the bleaching of the coral reefs?

 

[defcon4]

Date: 09 November 2010
Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms

• 
  
  
  • Michael P. Lesser

Abstract
Unprecedented changes in coral reef systems have focused attention on a wide range of stressors on local, regional, and global spatial scales but global climate change resulting in elevated seawater temperatures is widely accepted as having contributed to the major declines in coral cover or phase shifts in community structure on time scales never previously observed or recorded in the geological record. The major mechanism of scleractinian mortality as a result of global climate change is “coral bleaching,” the loss of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (=zooxanthellae) that occurs as part of the coral stress response to temperature perturbations in combination with several other synergistic factors. Over several years many studies have shown that the common mechanism underlying the stress response of corals to elevated temperatures is oxidative stress that is exacerbated when exposure to high irradiances of solar radiation accompanies the thermal insult. Oxidative stress, the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals can cause damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Reactive oxygen species are also important signal transduction molecules and mediators of damage in cellular processes, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and cell necrosis all of which are believed to have roles in coral bleaching depending on the intensity and duration of the environmental insult. This chapter examines the current evidence supporting the hypothesis that the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress and is the proximal cause of coral bleaching.

Coral Bleaching: Causes and Mechanisms - Springer

No scientific study? My, more 'alternative facts' straight from MM's ass.

What water temperatures are we talking about? The abstract only mentions global climate change. What is the sea water temperature what kills the animals?

 

[defcon4]

It's the California cows farting the globe up.

Why only the California cows?

Seriously though, that's the biggest fail of an OP and article I've seen in quite a while.

Because the elected officials in California plan on fining the cow farting owners. It is another money grab. Ranchers will sell off the culprits and a shortage will ensue. The price of beef will climb and only the rich will eat beef. The rest can eat cake....

And that has what to do with the bleaching of the coral reefs?

Methane in the atmosphere.

 

[Marion Morrison]

Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders

1. 
   
   
   • K. R. N. Anthony1,
   • D. I. Kline,
   • G. Diaz-Pulido,
   • S. Dove, and
   • O. Hoegh-Guldberg

Abstract
Ocean acidification represents a key threat to coral reefs by reducing the calcification rate of framework builders. In addition, acidification is likely to affect the relationship between corals and their symbiotic dinoflagellates and the productivity of this association. However, little is known about how acidification impacts on the physiology of reef builders and how acidification interacts with warming. Here, we report on an 8-week study that compared bleaching, productivity, and calcification responses of crustose coralline algae (CCA) and branching (Acropora) and massive (Porites) coral species in response to acidification and warming. Using a 30-tank experimental system, we manipulated CO2 levels to simulate doubling and three- to fourfold increases [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection categories IV and VI] relative to present-day levels under cool and warm scenarios. Results indicated that high CO2 is a bleaching agent for corals and CCA under high irradiance, acting synergistically with warming to lower thermal bleaching thresholds. We propose that CO2 induces bleaching via its impact on photoprotective mechanisms of the photosystems. Overall, acidification impacted more strongly on bleaching and productivity than on calcification. Interestingly, the intermediate, warm CO2 scenario led to a 30% increase in productivity in Acropora, whereas high CO2 lead to zero productivity in both corals. CCA were most sensitive to acidification, with high CO2 leading to negative productivity and high rates of net dissolution. Our findings suggest that sensitive reef-building species such as CCA may be pushed beyond their thresholds for growth and survival within the next few decades whereas corals will show delayed and mixed responses.
Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders

There are many, many more articles. Not that you would ever alleviate your willful ignorance by actually reading them.

"Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders"


Oh! Looky here! Self-ownage a second time!

So it's a shift towards a positive pH and NOT the temp of the water, amirite?





404-Global warming not found.

 

[Old Rocks]

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

• Authors
• Authors and affiliations

• P. L. Jokiel
• S. L. Coles

Abstract

Three common species of Hawaiian reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis (L.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) and Fungia scutaria Lamarck, were grown in a temperature-regulated, continuous-flow sea water system. The skeletal growth optimum occurred near 26°C, coinciding with the natural summer ambient temperature in Hawaii, and was lowest at 21° to 22°C, representing Hawaiian winter ambient. Levels of approximately 32°C produced mortality within days. Prolonged exposure to temperatures of approximately 30°C eventually caused loss of photosynthetic pigment, increased mortality, and reduced calcification. Corals lived only 1 to 2 weeks at 18°C. The corals showed greater initial resistance at the lower lethal limit, but ultimately low temperature was more deleterious than high temperature. Results suggest that a decrease in the natural water temperature of Hawaiian reefs would be more harmful to corals than a temperature increase of the same magnitude.

Contribution No. 504 of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

Again, such questions are very easy to answer, use that thing you are communicating with.

 

[Old Rocks]

Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders

1. 
   
   
   • K. R. N. Anthony1,
   • D. I. Kline,
   • G. Diaz-Pulido,
   • S. Dove, and
   • O. Hoegh-Guldberg

Abstract
Ocean acidification represents a key threat to coral reefs by reducing the calcification rate of framework builders. In addition, acidification is likely to affect the relationship between corals and their symbiotic dinoflagellates and the productivity of this association. However, little is known about how acidification impacts on the physiology of reef builders and how acidification interacts with warming. Here, we report on an 8-week study that compared bleaching, productivity, and calcification responses of crustose coralline algae (CCA) and branching (Acropora) and massive (Porites) coral species in response to acidification and warming. Using a 30-tank experimental system, we manipulated CO2 levels to simulate doubling and three- to fourfold increases [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection categories IV and VI] relative to present-day levels under cool and warm scenarios. Results indicated that high CO2 is a bleaching agent for corals and CCA under high irradiance, acting synergistically with warming to lower thermal bleaching thresholds. We propose that CO2 induces bleaching via its impact on photoprotective mechanisms of the photosystems. Overall, acidification impacted more strongly on bleaching and productivity than on calcification. Interestingly, the intermediate, warm CO2 scenario led to a 30% increase in productivity in Acropora, whereas high CO2 lead to zero productivity in both corals. CCA were most sensitive to acidification, with high CO2 leading to negative productivity and high rates of net dissolution. Our findings suggest that sensitive reef-building species such as CCA may be pushed beyond their thresholds for growth and survival within the next few decades whereas corals will show delayed and mixed responses.
Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders

There are many, many more articles. Not that you would ever alleviate your willful ignorance by actually reading them.

"Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders"


Oh! Looky here! Self-ownage a second time!

So it's a shift towards a positive pH and NOT the temp of the water, amirite?

No, stupid ass. pH and temperature are two factors killing the corals. Those two are the results of the increase in CO2 in our atmosphere.

 

[Marion Morrison]

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

• 
  
  
  • Authors
  • Authors and affiliations

• 
  
  
  • P. L. Jokiel
  • S. L. Coles

Abstract

Three common species of Hawaiian reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis (L.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) and Fungia scutaria Lamarck, were grown in a temperature-regulated, continuous-flow sea water system. The skeletal growth optimum occurred near 26°C, coinciding with the natural summer ambient temperature in Hawaii, and was lowest at 21° to 22°C, representing Hawaiian winter ambient. Levels of approximately 32°C produced mortality within days. Prolonged exposure to temperatures of approximately 30°C eventually caused loss of photosynthetic pigment, increased mortality, and reduced calcification. Corals lived only 1 to 2 weeks at 18°C. The corals showed greater initial resistance at the lower lethal limit, but ultimately low temperature was more deleterious than high temperature. Results suggest that a decrease in the natural water temperature of Hawaiian reefs would be more harmful to corals than a temperature increase of the same magnitude.

Contribution No. 504 of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

Again, such questions are very easy to answer, use that thing you are communicating with.

I'll give you simple math:

5 scientists say it's one thing (acidification) , and 2 scientists say it's global warming.

 

[defcon4]

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

• 
  
  
  • Authors
  • Authors and affiliations

• 
  
  
  • P. L. Jokiel
  • S. L. Coles

Abstract

Three common species of Hawaiian reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis (L.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) and Fungia scutaria Lamarck, were grown in a temperature-regulated, continuous-flow sea water system. The skeletal growth optimum occurred near 26°C, coinciding with the natural summer ambient temperature in Hawaii, and was lowest at 21° to 22°C, representing Hawaiian winter ambient. Levels of approximately 32°C produced mortality within days. Prolonged exposure to temperatures of approximately 30°C eventually caused loss of photosynthetic pigment, increased mortality, and reduced calcification. Corals lived only 1 to 2 weeks at 18°C. The corals showed greater initial resistance at the lower lethal limit, but ultimately low temperature was more deleterious than high temperature. Results suggest that a decrease in the natural water temperature of Hawaiian reefs would be more harmful to corals than a temperature increase of the same magnitude.

Contribution No. 504 of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

Again, such questions are very easy to answer, use that thing you are communicating with.

So, that is controlled environment, I am inquiring about actual sea water temperatures on the coral reefs. Anybody bothered to monitor that or just throwing the "climate change" buzz word out there?

 

[Old Rocks]

It's the California cows farting the globe up.

Why only the California cows?

Seriously though, that's the biggest fail of an OP and article I've seen in quite a while.

Because the elected officials in California plan on fining the cow farting owners. It is another money grab. Ranchers will sell off the culprits and a shortage will ensue. The price of beef will climb and only the rich will eat beef. The rest can eat cake....

And that has what to do with the bleaching of the coral reefs?

Methane in the atmosphere.

While the ruminates do contribute methane,

Redirect Notice

62% is directly human causes. Land fills, coal mining, and natural gas and petroleum systems. Without those, the amount would be much lower than it is.

 

[Old Rocks]

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

• 
  
  
  • Authors
  • Authors and affiliations

• 
  
  
  • P. L. Jokiel
  • S. L. Coles

Abstract

Three common species of Hawaiian reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis (L.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) and Fungia scutaria Lamarck, were grown in a temperature-regulated, continuous-flow sea water system. The skeletal growth optimum occurred near 26°C, coinciding with the natural summer ambient temperature in Hawaii, and was lowest at 21° to 22°C, representing Hawaiian winter ambient. Levels of approximately 32°C produced mortality within days. Prolonged exposure to temperatures of approximately 30°C eventually caused loss of photosynthetic pigment, increased mortality, and reduced calcification. Corals lived only 1 to 2 weeks at 18°C. The corals showed greater initial resistance at the lower lethal limit, but ultimately low temperature was more deleterious than high temperature. Results suggest that a decrease in the natural water temperature of Hawaiian reefs would be more harmful to corals than a temperature increase of the same magnitude.

Contribution No. 504 of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.

Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals

Again, such questions are very easy to answer, use that thing you are communicating with.

So, that is controlled environment, I am inquiring about actual sea water temperatures on the coral reefs. Anybody bothered to monitor that or just throwing the "climate change" buzz word out there?

Oh fuck you, I just finished a 12 hour hammer down day, and don't feel like looking up any more information for dumbass lazy bastards. Use that machine in front of you.