Socrates, the father of Western philosophy, infamously said that a knowledgeable person cannot perform a morally wrong act. Evil is only done out of ignorance and lack of wisdom, he said. Only the ill-informed, deluded and self-deluded behave immorally.
To say that this an audacious claim would be something of an understatement. But the notorious gadfly of Athens – who annoyed the authorities with his questioning so much that they put him to death for it – was quite serious. For Socrates, this state of affairs was logically obvious, and derived from two axioms.
The first was that ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ are moral absolutes, rather than relative or personal values. Right and wrong are self-evident, immutable entities. The second was that man has the logical capacity and appetite to question, to seek what is true and right. For Socrates, morality and knowledge were inextricably bound.
As he put it: ‘There is only one good: knowledge. There is only one evil: ignorance.’ From this, we still hear his most famous maxim: the unexamined life is not worth living.
Agnes Callard’s Open Socrates is a valiant attempt to breathe new life into an ancient philosophy.
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