View attachment 251406
2018 the peak.
https://nypost.com/2018/09/12/the-great-barrier-reef-was-never-dead/
Tropical Africa (133,000 B.C. to 88,000 B.C.)
By extracting sediment cores from Lake Malawi, one of the largest and deepest lakes on Earth, scientists determined in 2007 that sub-Saharan Africa experienced a series of mega-droughts from 135,000 to 90,000 years ago. Rainfall was so scarce, in fact, that the lake’s water level dropped some 2,000 feet, and lush forests turned into arid scrubland. The return of wetter conditions, coinciding as they did with an expanded Nile corridor, may have then provided humans with an ideal window for leaving Africa and colonizing the world, scientists say.
Ancient Egypt (around 2200 B.C.)
Nile Delta sediments show that the amount of wetland pollen decreased about 4,200 years ago and that the amount of charcoal (a sign of fire) increased, leading scientists to believe that a drought must have occurred. They furthermore speculate that this lack of rain contributed to the demise of Egypt’s Old Kingdom, best known for constructing the massive pyramids of Giza. Other civilizations to decline around that time, possibly as a result of the same drought, include the Harappa of present-day northwest India and Pakistan, the Subir of present-day Syria and the Minoan of Crete.
Mesoamerica (around A.D. 760 to 910)
During their so-called Classic Period from approximately A.D. 250 to the 9th century, the Maya built dozens of monumental stone cities while at the same time making impressive strides in mathematics, agriculture, astronomy, writing and art. Then it all fell apart, a collapse in which drought almost certainly played a role. Numerous recent studies illustrate that the Maya endured centuries of low rainfall from roughly the 600s to the 1100s, and that the main episodes of city abandonment from 760 to 910 appear to coincide with particularly dry years. Scientists contend that the drought’s effects were then exacerbated by warfare, political instability and land degradation.
Great European Famine (1315 - 1317)
Russian Famine (1601 - 1603)
Deccan Famine (1630 - 1632)
Chalisa Famine (1783 - 1784)
Great Irish Famine (1845 - 1849)
Finnish Famine (1866-1868)
Northern Chinese Drought/Famine (1876 - 1879)
Indian Famine/Drought (1896 - 1897)
tributaries.
Glacial River Warren
Glacial River Warren drained
Lake Agassiz in central North America through a series of floods about 9,700 years ago.
The
Maumee Torrent was caused by the draining of glacial
Lake Maumee, the ancestor of present-day
Lake Erie.
The
Missoula Floods are a series of flood outbursts that took place near the end of the last ice age. Much of the unique geography of eastern
Washington, named the
Channeled Scablands, is thought to have been carved during this period. A glacial lake, located on the
Clark Fork River in western
Montana is thought to have been the source. The glacial lake outburst floods are thought to have been the result of periodic sudden ruptures of the ice dam on the Clark Fork River that created
Glacial Lake Missoula. After each ice dam rupture, the waters of the lake would rush down the Clark Fork and the
Columbia River, inundating much of eastern Washington and the
Willamette Valley in western
Oregon. After the rupture, the ice would reform, recreating Glacial Lake Missoula once again.
North Sea Flood, Netherlands – 1212
1212 North Sea Flood
1287 St. Lucia's Flood
1300
North America—For about two decades in Arizona and New Mexico, rivers disappeared, crops failed, and towns declined, bringing death and destruction to that area.
1316
England—Long periods of heavy rains ruined crops, causing death for one-tenth of the population due to
malnutrition or disease
1362 St. Marcellus Flood
1421 St. Elizabeth Flood
Bonneville FloodEdit
The
Bonneville Flood was a catastrophic flood 14,000 years ago, which involved massive amounts of water inundating parts of southern
Idaho and
Eastern Washington along the course of the
Snake River. Unlike the Missoula Floods, which occurred during the same period, the Bonneville Flood happened only once. The flood is believed to be the second largest flood in known geologic history.
Sixteenth century
1530 St. Felix's Flood
1570 All Saints' Flood
1717 Christmas Flood
1842
China—Flooding killed 300,000 people.
1887 Yellow River Flood
1889
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA—Flood killed more than 2,200 people.
Flood of March 1543
Hernando DeSoto's party was passing through a village at the confluence of the
Mississippi River and
Arkansas River on March 18 when the rivers flooded. The high water only allowed passage by canoe and inundated fields surrounding the town.
[5] The flooding reportedly lasted for 40 days.
[6]
Seventeenth century
California Flood of 1605
The
California Flood of 1605 was a flood that covered much of California.
Eighteenth century
New Hampshire flood – 1740
The
Merrimack River flooded in December. It is the first recorded flood in
New Hampshire history.
[7]
New Hampshire/Maine flood – October 1785
In New Hampshire, a significant flood struck the
Cocheco,
Baker,
Pemigewasset,
Contoocook and
Merrimackrivers on October 23 which established records at
Lowell which held until 1902.
[7] The
Androscoggin River flooded significantly, which destroyed many homesteads in what would become
Bethel, Maine. Those that survived the flood moved uphill into less valuable, 100-acre (0.40 km2) plots. Turner's first mill was destroyed during this inundation.
[8]
Great Pumpkin flood – October 1786
Received its name due to the pumpkins that were washed away in the flood on October 5. It was a major flood in the
Susquehanna River basin.
[9]
Red River of the South flood – 1800
According to the Caddo tribe, a "great flood" moved down the river and reinforced the "Great Log Raft" on the river. This raft was a natural dam that increased water levels on some of the
Red River tributaries. This process formed
Caddo Lake.
[10]
Early Nineteenth century
Androscoggin flood – 1806
A significant flood along the
Androscoggin River destroyed the first dam built in the town of
Turner, Maine.
[8]
Androscoggin flood – 1811
River flood carries away the toll bridge in
Durham, Maine.
[8]
Androscoggin flood – 1814
A large flood of the river destroyed all the mills in Turner, Maine.
[8]
Waterville, Maine Freshet – May 1832
This flood washed away a portion of the Ticonic bridge and the Redington saw mill in
Waterville, Maine.
[11]
Androscoggin Freshet – 1843
A flood along the Androscoggin swept the town of
Jay's sawmill downstream.
[8]
Great Flood of 1844
The
Great Flood of 1844 is the biggest flood ever recorded on the
Missouri River and Upper
Mississippi River in terms of discharge. This flood was particularly devastating since the region had little or no levees at the time. Among the hardest hit were the
Wyandot who lost 100 people in the diseases that occurred after the flood. The flood also is the highest recorded for the Mississippi River at
St. Louis. After the flood, Congress in 1849 passed the Swamp Act providing land grants to build stronger levees.
[12]
Androscoggin flood – 1846
A flood along the Androscoggin River carried away the bridge in Durham, Maine. This reinstituted ferry service across the river.
[8]
Potomac flood of October 1847
A significant flood struck the
Potomac basin, part of a major flood event which encompassed
Pennsylvania,
Ohio,
Maryland, and
Virginia. Damage along the
C&O Canal was worst between lock #7 and Widewater, from
Great Fallsto Pennyfield Lock, Point of Rocks to Dam #4, and surrounding Dam #5. Damages to the canal for the year, which included another flood that November, totaled US$48,000 (1847 dollars).
[13]
Sauvé's Crevasse – 1849
This was the last of the annual spring
Mississippi River floods to swamp
New Orleans.
Red River of the South flood – August 1849
A flood that appears to have been caused by a
tropical cyclone led to the flood of record on the Red River of the South. This flood shifted the river to its present course, moving out of
Natchitoches. A remnant of the river known as
Cane River extends from Grand Ecore to
Colfax.
[10]
Late Nineteenth century
Midwest and Plains U.S. – 1851
The
Flood of 1851 occurred after record-setting rainfalls across the U.S.
Midwest and Plains from May to August, 1851. Hardest hit was the State of
Iowa, where the city of
Des Moines was virtually destroyed, with significant flooding extending to the Lower
Mississippi River basin. Historical evidence suggest flooding occurred in the eastern Plains, from
Nebraska to the Red River basin, but these areas were sparsely settled in 1851. Heavy rainfall also occurred in the
Ohio River basin.
Northeast flood – April 1852
In
New Hampshire, the
Winnipesaukee,
Pemigewasset,
Contoocook,
Blackwater and
Ashuelot Rivers went into flood. The
Merrimack River at
Concord reached its highest levels in nearly 70 years.
[7] A flood with higher waters than 1847 surged down the Potomac River. The worst damage was witnessed between
Georgetown and
Seneca, with breaches at the abutments of Dams 3 and 4 in Maryland, and Dam 6 in Virginia. Damage was estimated at US$80,000 (1852 dollars).
[13]
Susquehanna River flood – September 1861
Torrential rain and a logjam initiated the flood at the Susquehanna on September 28. Debris in the flood waters swept the Keating railroad bridge away. Sinnemahoning cemeteries were flooded, and some of its bodies moved downstream.
[9]
The Great Flood of 1862
The largest flood in the recorded history of Oregon, Nevada and California. It began in Oregon in November 1861 after weeks of continuous precipitation, flooding the communities on the
Willamette River.
California
Beginning on December 24, 1861, it rained for almost four weeks. The largest flood in California's recorded history occurred from January 9–12, 1862. The entire
Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valleys were inundated for an extent of 400–480 km (250–300 mi), averaging 32 kilometres (20 mi) in breadth. The rain created an inland sea in
Orange County, lasting about three weeks with water standing 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) deep up to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the river.
[14]
Nevada
Flooding began in December, 1861 in Carson Valley from a series of storms in the upper
Carson River basin. By January 2, 1862, the town of Dayton and the area surrounding it had been flooded. Samuel Young of Aurora recorded in his diary that the snow and rain had fallen for twenty six days out of thirty since December 24, 1861.
Androscoggin River flood – 1863
A large flood along the river destroys the bridge in East Turner, Maine.
[8]
Saxby Gale flooding – 1869
The combination of the extreme high tide and a hurricane on October 4–5 was dubbed the
Saxby Gale. The resultant flooding set records on the
East Coast of the United States. The
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) named it a
100-year flood for the
Schuylkill River in
Philadelphia, cresting 2 feet (0.61 m) higher than
Hurricane Agnes in 1972.
[15][16] Washington, DC, was also hit hard.
[17]
Mill River flood – May 1874
It rained significantly on May 16, 1874 in western
Massachusetts. The earthen dam suddenly gave way. A large section of the east bank of the
Mill River slid away and was sent downstream. The dam's gatekeeper mounted a horse and rushed down the valley to warn
Williamsburg of what was to come. The gatekeeper's wife watched from their cabin as the dam exploded upward. Four riders galloped down the valley as fast as possible to warn people of the oncoming flood. Some residents fled to higher ground, while others refused to believe the awful news. Many never heard the warning. A 6 metres (20 ft) tall flood swept everything away. Damage totaled US$1 million and 144 people died.
[18]
Mill towns petitioned Boston for assistance. The legislators eventually granted $120,000 to rebuild bridges and roads, which set a precedent for a state government to provide direct assistance after a natural disaster. The disaster led to improvements in public safety. The Massachusetts legislature imposed standards for the construction, maintenance, and inspection of dams. Engineering of large-scale public projects had to meet state mandates. Engineers became academically-trained professionals. Four-fifths of the businesses in the Mill Valley were eventually rebuilt on their original locations. The mill owners gradually regained their financial standing and their place as pillars of society. Factories powered by the rushing Mill River continued to dominate life in the valley for another quarter century, until steam, and then electricity, replaced water power.
[19]
Potomac flood of November 1877
Higher than the event in 1852 by several feet, this flood affected the whole length of the C&O Canal. Since
Conococheague and
Antietam Creeks were flooding as well, the worst damage was done to the middle of the canal. Damage totaled US$200,000 (1877 dollars). Navigation could not resume until the following April. A result of this flood was a telephone network being installed along the canal, which was, at the time, the longest telephone circuit in the world.
[13]
The Great Flood of April 1881
The
Great Flood of 1881 struck
Omaha, Nebraska and
Council Bluffs, Iowa between April 6 and 27, when waters began to recede. Causing millions of dollars in damage, it crested two feet higher than ever-before measured on the
Missouri River.
[20]
Ohio River flood – February 1884
The level of the
Ohio River in
Parkersburg, West Virginia reached 54 feet (16 m), about 34 feet (10 m) above its normal stage.
[21]
The Ohio River crested in Cincinnati at 71.1 feet (21.7 m) on February 14.
[22]
East Texas flood – May 1884
This significant flood affected the
Neches,
Angelina, and lower
Sabine River basins. Record stages were set during this event, roughly 2–3 feet (or almost a meter) higher than records from the 1900s.
[10]
Johnstown – 1889
In the nineteenth century, dams were maintained privately. The
Conemaugh Dam was maintained by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, and had been recently rebuilt in 1881. However, on May 31, 1889 after a night of heavy rain, the Conemaugh Dam broke and flooded the surrounding valley.
[23] Damage was extraordinary, and the dam was never rebuilt.
[24] Also known as the Conemaugh Calamity, after the name of the dam, this flood claimed 2,209 lives.
[25] Five days after the event,
Clara Barton and her doctors and nurses arrived in
Johnstown to tend to the survivors. It took 5 years for the town to recover.
To the east, it was also a major flood for the Susquehanna and its tributaries. The towns of
Renovo,
Lock Haven,
Williamsport, and
Sunbury were severely damaged.
[9] Damage was not limited to Pennsylvania, however. The flood eclipsed all previous records for water levels on the Potomac, which caused US$300,000 (1889 dollars) to the C&O Canal. The canal would not recover from this flood until 1891.
[13]
Oil Creek Flood – 1892
Heavy rains resulted in dam failures, causing rapid flooding in the Oil Creek area of Pennsylvania, primarily affecting
Titusville and
Oil City. Tankers holding highly flammable benzeine were located along the banks of the creek. The tankers were uprooted and emptied as a result of the flooding, and their contents ignited, flooding the impacted areas with fire as well as water. 54 Oil City residents and 72 Titusville residents died either from the fire or the flood waters.
[26]
Androscoggin flood – March 1896
A spring flood removed the East Turner bridge.
[8]
Yangtze River Flood, China – 1911
None caused by agw. These are just the ones I took time to locate.
