When did Judaism emerge? Far later than assumed, new theory suggests
Vast Review Finds No Evidence That the Torah Laws Were Commonly Observed Before the Second Century B.C.E., Says Prof. Yonatan Adler. Not All Agree
The author thinks it was the second half of the second century BCE... with the Hasmodians in reaction to Antiochus IV Epiphanies' efforts to Hellenize the Jews.
Israel Finkelstein agrees sort of. .. that it began to emerge after the Babylonian exile.